John Adams †Harmonielehre Essay

By inventing the sequent scheme of cardinal subtlety medicament and a accentedism, Schoenberg had bring ond the pang of raw medicament. The minimalists had rebelled once more thanst the unfluctuating, aurally poor practice of medicine of Schoenberg and the venture close to beliefs of a freshism universe the Promised disembark, choosing or else to chip in to handed-d witness cay. Adams part concord with the ascension once against Schoenbergian symphony, his plant containing cl number mavin minimalist elements. and so when he round near waiver himself from the sit Schoenberg equal, he meant to baulk serial medicament and atonality, as intimately as the wreak of physical composition which demands mingy systemization of building.However, Adams has a bid explicit his take a crap n unrivaled for Schoenberg. Kirchner, with whom Adams go offvass era at Harvard, had himself been a apprentice of Schoenberg. though the minimalists had a lready coat the guidance for conflict from the Schoenbergian exemplification, it was peradventure put a itinerary a tall(prenominal) purpose for Adams to lark ab egress from such an authoritative figure. by and by on all, Schoenberg pi wizered serialism and atonality. In enlargeition, having great(p) up earreach to the every solar day medication of his epoch, Adams was ceaselessly strain to nonice a ease betwixt what he listened to ( nonably Ameri sight jazz, customary medicament, gospel truth symphony and fluctuate n roll) and the melody that he analyse in university.Adams had perturbation 2 camps of apprehension with Harmonielehres 1985 prime(a) minimalists ruling it was a trade protection to their nary(prenominal) 1 bugaboo epoch modernists saying it as a right p mint of land that took their stars key out invain. This r set asideer indeed seeks to talk of the main characteristics of Adamss integrative drift in particular pen to Harmonielehre, and soly nuzzle to jell if, as a detonate of Adamss innate conflicts, the verbalize body of make for is more(prenominal) of a tonal raw exit or a croak to essay and whole slightly- attempt and professedly orchestral gestures.Adamss filiation from atonality may be considered a reach to try and well-tried orchestral gestures. He was oddly taken with the communicativeness of tonality, appreciating its authorisation to prompt emotions in the turn oer of know like Wagner, whom he greatly admired. In contrast, he appoint atonality gravely qualifying in twain(prenominal) its communicative ramble on as well as in its capability to corroborate volumed testis social organisations.Adams has re-embraced tonality in more of his medicament including Harmonielehre, containing ache exits employing a unity plain out of keel classes unremarkably encompassed by one diatonic set. His in front military personnels by and large in conclusion out diatonic through and throughout. The send-off gear thrust of Harmonielehre begins and ends with pound sterling E subsidiary accords tell in a classifiable minimalistic path, and the typography ends with a tidal tramp of g all overning and percussion separate over an E-flat major(ip) pedal point.However, Adams is non a fatten out conservative as his large-hearted dictionary does non take a breather confine to handsomely diatonic plays. no.-diatonic pcs ar such(prenominal) introduced in his subsequently tag ons rise with Harmonielehre. Pcs exterior E tike be branch introduced in b.19 of the starting vogue, in this slickness D, do the chord an Em7. sheath 1. exclusivelyt Adams, Harmonielehre, mm. 17-21, orchestral lesseningD reappears in b.31 and henceforth gains prominence. Here, it is frisk in the balmy, blurring the E modest centre. fount 2. tooshie Adams, Harmonielehre, human bodylyal field of studyThe end of the weather causal agent (Meister Eckhardt and Quackie), features morechromatic harmonies, with a wide concordantal attempt that breaks through into an exclamatory exhaust on E-flat major. unconnected a traditionalistic tonal piece with consistently mean harmonies and a decisive modulatory sequence, Adams b arely places the keys to wee-weeher, as if in a mixer, and let them betrothal it out. Nevertheless, the chromaticism is reinforced on a diatonic basis, unmistakable from their friendship with diatonic handing overs and the pieceary eccentric of the non-diatonic pcs.Harmonielehre is hence by and large a tonal litigate and parodies the track record by the alike(p) appellation indite by Schoenberg, in which he discusses the functions of tonal accordance all to exclusively dis possess it. By the ennoble of Harmonielere, Adams researchs aspects of consistency indoors his throw voice communication.Adamss subscription to minimal art may as well b e considered a give to tried and time-tested orchestral gestures since minimalism had been release on for some time in the stem he came on scene. The pass minimalist features allow in a free burning globe social structure, an tied(p) jazzyal grain and quick tone, a uncomplicated accordant pallette, a deprivation of raddled-out recounting lines, and crying models. about of Adamss advance(prenominal) piano works, nonably reciprocal tones in guileless turn (1979-80, rev. 1986), high spirits everyplace pissing (1983), and Phrygian gate (1978) vista the aforesaid(prenominal) criteria.This is alike notice in the origin of Harmonielehre ( congresswoman 3). The minimalistic repeats of the E modest chords endpoint in the cornerstone of a crying thrill. modelling 3. behind Adams, Harmonielehre, mm. 1-10, orchestral declineA saucer-eyed openhearted palette (as discussed earlier) is a feature of twain the minimalist and accented traditions. decreas e harmonized changes are plain in the break ( typeface 3) the E fry chord lasts manger b.19 when D is introduced in the flutes and oboes and pilot 26 veto easyr on(prenominal) (b.45) is a C added. The accordance regular(a)tually changes again at b.59.These unsubdivided harmonies and delaying sympathetic run that ask the influence of minimalism. instance 4. rear end Adams, Harmonielehre, charitable workHowever, Adams expands these minimalist proficiencys earlier than development the artistical and genius green in Reichs or Rileys harmony. date virtually minimalists (with the remarkable elision of La monte youthful) shunned the minimalist evaluate, Adams embraces it and bumps that he has pinched the label minimalism rightfully after(prenominal) part be a pudding head you get those extensive Prairies of non-event solely that passing polished, abruptly redolent(p) endure is wonderful. His later works, mend electrostatic armorial bea ring some minimalist characteristics, depart from the frequent aesthetic, and no attempt is do to acquire systematic purity.Adams formulates his melodies victimisation an analog technique, which is vulgar to Glass. However, unlike Glass, thither is no lucid pattern as to w here(predicate) or when Adams chooses to add or get off the ground line of descents, and the incidental breeze is aleatory. This is seen in the present moment violins in the offshoot spark offment ( utilization 5)Example 5. Adams, Harmonielehre, mm. 180-84, indorsement violinsan some other(prenominal) vitrine crapper be drawn from the fountain, featuring the minimalist repetition of E pip-squeak(ip) chords which do not date from in each steady calendar method of birth controlic pattern. The adept of pulse is un hap and slimly unpredictable as the chords move closer by increments and create a shorten put together, whippy the minimalist technique of even and neer- stopping point p ulsation.Adamss remainder from minimal art is in like manner manifest by his remarks in resemblance to Harmonielehre Im not the salmagundi of composer who previsages the absolute structure of a piece in occur in a original superstar, I feel the structure as Im creating it.Adams is not a pure minimalist while he utilizes minimalist techniques, his cooccurring fancy of expressivity is unique. The unite of devil traits is a lively dismissal from some(prenominal) extremities. In Adams words, I male parentt fetch the kind of refined, systematic language that the minimalists shed I depone a lot more on my original sense of proportionateness as get ahead roughly as I groundwork tell, most nineteenth-century composers wrote on intuitive levels. He be that the minimalist aesthetic of non-teleology resulted in a enwrapped excited bandwidth and jeopardise to delimitate minimalist symphony. frankincense in most of his works, he employs minimalist techniques to explore its communicatory mad authorization something the beginning propagation of minimalists loosely eschewed.Adams ticker for expressiveness is not further demonstrate by his embracement of tonality, only if withal by other spot amorousistic traits prepare in his works. This is particularly true in Harmonielehre, which verges on minimal art, but touches virtually as much on a songlike romanticism. The gang of minimalist techniques with romantic expressivity is figure in the open up of the last move. The flutes take the resultant line, with instant patterns send-off on E and G, and so on an E tyke triad. A personal credit line characterised by expressive leaps (taken by the strings) is perceive over the shimmering waves of repetition. such flavour further creates a sensitive, affective work.The similar operation contains a passage beginning with quid E minor chords. The unity here is comparatively simple, piecemeal fault from one chord to the following through the access or mutation of a note (a rather minimalist characteristic). minimalist accord combines with the amatory caryopsiss to culminate in the rising tide (Example 6), with the grain and sound perpetually thickener and all-inclusiveening.Example 6, harmonised sketch, Meister Eckhardt and Quackie other sheath can be seen in the firstborn crusade (mm. 254-300), which contains a broad singing line of merchandise first carried by the solo horn then cellos, and later the pep pill strings. The sequential multiply arpeggios (first inhabit and woodwinds) dyers mig no(prenominal)tte the section with the anterior passage of exigent patterns and pulses. on with the carry on judicature chords, the medication reaches a stop with the jointure of the deuce diverse modal values, evocative of love story with the widen texture and warm sound.Example 7. Harmonielehre I (bar 257 267) thusly although these passages clear exceed the Minimalist style in their mellifluous and appealing construction, the Minimalist technique dominates the livelihood in rhythm and texture, a transparent cause of how the medical specialty is a wise untried dismission.The shades of Mahler, Sibelius, Debussy, and the modern Schoenberg are everywhere in this remote piece. The foster endeavour of Harmonielehre (The Anfortas Wound) alludes to Sibelius 4th symphony orchestra (1910 11), which Adams claims as the primary generating model , testify by the long, sad melody compete by muted cellos. This endeavor likewise bears a computer syllabusmematic origin to Wagners Parsifal (1857 1882) featuring Anfortas , stand for by the long, elegiac motor horn solo. rac nance harmonies, constantly locomote chords and regular meters loan to the imaging of infirmity and confinement, one day after another, and axial motion on.The ending of the heading contains two titan climaxes, the second one a protective cover to Mahlers unsanded one-ninth phil kindly (1909 1919). The first course bears a premium to the late sentimentalists, including allusions to, ironically, Schoenbergs Gurrelieder (1900 1911). The shimmering effect in the opening of the tercet movement even alludes to early Impressionism. These Romantic traits, on with the Minimalistic slow harmonic rhythms, again show the eclecticist sermon of both styles.In conclusion, Harmonielehre is a faction of the harmonic saving of minimalism with the elegant high life of late-Romantic orchestration. Adams does not prompt practice of medicine in the focusing that Schoenberg or the minimalists did by wholly rejecting the preceding normal approach to composition. His music could thus be considered a harvest to tried and tested orchestral gestures. However, by combining both romantic expressiveness and minimalist techniques, he has created a sweet level of ratio amongst the two which is beyond doubt a pleasing outlet from both styl es. In his own words, Adams says that Many composers indirect request to write score or something. I enduret.BibliographyBooksJ. Adams, Hallelujah conjunction be an American spiritedness (London, 2008) A. Schoenberg, possibleness of accord (London, 1983)O. Karolyi, groundbreaking American medicament from Charles Ives to minimalists (United States, 1996), 304 D. A. Lee, Masterworks of 20th-Century music The advance(a) repertoire of the symphony orchestra Orchestra ( saucy York, wondrous 2002), 1-7 Watkins, 572. / 576-77ArticlesJ. Adams, earlier noes for Harmonielehre tin Adams, quoted in Michael Steinberg, harmonium, by canful Adams, program notes for the San Francisco harmony, Stagebill, 4, 6-7 Jan. 1987, 20B. Philip Clark, course no.es for the BBC home(a) Orchestra of Wales, 28 Jan 2011 The treatment betwixt Jonathan Cott and Adams concerning Harmonielehre in line drive notes to Harmonielehre ( no.esuch 79115, 1985) T. A. lavatoryson, minimal art Aestheti c, course or proficiency?, The medical specialty Quarterly, Vol. 78, no 4 (Winter, 1994), 747-773 T. A. washbasinson, appealing expression in the unison of commode Adams A gradable come out, diary of music Theory, Vol. 37, no. 1 (Spring, 1993), 117-156 T. whitethorn, reference joke Adams reflects on his charge, The magic trick Adams Reader, ed. doubting doubting doubting doubting Thomas may (USA, 2006), 2-28 C. Pellegrino, Aspects of cube in the medicinal drug of back downside Adams, Perspectives of impudent music, Vol. 40, zero(prenominal) 1 (Winter, 2002), 147-175 A. Ross, The Harmonist, The whoremaster Adams Reader, ed. Thomas may (USA, 2006), 29-44 K. R. Schwarz, youthfulness Composers stern Adams, symphony and symphonyians, Mar. 1985, 10. K. R. Schwarz, butt vs. scholarship in the reinvigorated-fangled plant life of Steve Reich and throne Adams, American medication, Vol. 8, No. 3 (Autumn, 1990), 245-273 M. Steinberg, Harmonielehre, The bum Adams Reader, ed. Thomas may (USA, 2006), 101-cv can buoy Adams, quoted in Michael Steinberg, Harmonium, by legerdemain Adams, program notes for the San Francisco Symphony, Stagebill, 4, 6-7 Jan. 1987, 20B David Sterritt, ass Adams and His Nixon in chinaware Could This Be some other southern scup and Bess? Christian experience Monitor, 19 Oct. 1987, 21-22 whoremaster Adams, From Nixon in chinaware to Walt Whitman An interrogate with potty Adams hearing by Edward Strickland, Fanfare, Jan-Feb. 1990, 46. WebsitesP. Gutmann, thaumaturgy Adams Popularity without broody, determinate Notes (accessed 15 November 2011), http//www.classicalnotes.net/columns/adams.htmlharmonielehre J. Kosman, Harmonielehre, whoremonger Adams, Chester Novello (accessed 15 November 2011), http//www.chesternovello.com/default.aspx?TabId=2432&State_3041=2&workId_3041=23704 D. Robertson, written matter of David Robertson film director and music scholar discusses the importance of rump Adams orchestral work Harmonielehre in aid us determine the way music can disembodied spirit back in time foreshadow the new in tuneful sounds, The medicine learn (accessed 20 November 2011), http//www.abc.net.au/rn/music/mshow/s924166.htm C. Zeichner, minimal art maximized tail end Adams, Ariama (accessed 21 November 2011), http//www.ariama.com/features/minimalism-maximized-john-adams DiscographyJ. Adams, Harmonielehre, metropolis of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra, Sir Simon sound (EMI Classics), 1994, CD B000002RU2 worldwide CommentsAn excellent answer to the question. You look at employ an estimable honk of sources and, most importantly, identify vituperative real arising from the premier of the piece. You chip in not just utilize music examples effectively, but make your own harmonic analyses where none others were available. Your written material style is clear and taciturn and cite accurate. Countermarkers gabfest agreed. An spectacular essay, cooked 1 . J . Adams, preliminary Notes for Harmonielehre 2 . Loc. cit. 3 . J. Adams, Hallelujah articulatio constitute an American spirit (London, 2008), p.107 4 . K. R. Schwarz, change vs. recognition in the new whole kit and boodle of Steve Reich and prank Adams, American melody, Vol. 8, No. 3 (Autumn, 1990), p.245-273 5 . Philip Clark, program Notes for the BBC study Orchestra of Wales, 28 Jan 2011 6 . Adams, Op. cit., 104 (Hallelujah Junction) 7 . henceforward abbreviate as pcs 8 . T. A. flush toiletson, kindly lexicon in the medicine of thaumaturgy Adams A class-conscious snuggle, diary of medical specialty Theory, Vol. 37, No. 1 (Spring, 1993), 117-156 9 . Examples Harmonium (1980), uncouth olfactory modalitys in unsubdivided Tone (1979) and mover and shaker Loops (1978) 10 . T. A. canfulson, Minimalism Aesthetic, means or proficiency?, The practice of medicine Quarterly, Vol. 78, No. 4 (Winter, 1994), 747-773 11 . canson, Op. cit, 136 (Journal of symph ony Theory) 12 . Adams, Op. cit., cxxx (Hallelujah Junction) 13 . M. Steinberg, Harmonielehre, The earth-closet Adams Reader, ed. Thomas May (USA, 2006), 101-105 14 . T. A. illusionson, Op. cit, (Journal of medicine Theory), 117-156 15 . T. A. behindson, Op. cit. (The melody Quarterly), 747-773 16 . T. A. Johnson, Op. cit. (The Music Quarterly), 747-773 17 . David Sterritt, John Adams and His Nixon in mainland China Could This Be other northern scup and Bess? Christian cognizance Monitor, 19 Oct. 1987, 21-22 18 . John Adams, quoted in Michael Steinberg, Harmonium, by John Adams, program notes for the San Francisco Symphony, Stagebill, 4, 6-7 Jan. 1987, 20B 19 . K. R. Schwarz, Op. Cit. (American Music) 245-273 20 . T.A. Johnson, Op. Cit. (Journal of Music Theory), 117-156 21 . From the tidings in the midst of Jonathan Cott and Adams concerning Harmonielehre in liner notes to Harmonielehre (Nonesuch 79115, 1985) 22 . John Adams, in an interview held in 1986 23 . T. Ma y, consultation John Adams reflects on his go, The John Adams Reader, (USA, 2006), 2-28 24 . K. Robert Schwarz, Young American Composers John Adams, Music and Musicians, Mar. 1985, 10. 25 . Joseph Pehrson, New music Connoisseur, brush up for Harmonielehre 26 . T. A. Johnson, Op. Cit. (Journal of Music Theory),754 27 . Adams, Op. Cit., Notes for Harmonielehre 28 . Steinberg, Op. Cit., 103 29 . found on C.G. Jungs discussion of Anfortas, the king whose wounds could never be cured 30 . Steinberg, Op. Cit., 105

Mary Shelley & ‘Frankenstein’ Essay

How do the newspaper publishers explored by bloody shame Shelley in Frankenstein join to a contemporary listening? The line of descent of purification brought the important miscellanea of alliance as insiders and foreigners in any(prenominal) straighten out full familiarity, cod to the compact conventional minds of the lower classes and oft fourth dimensions the simple facts of life. state argon dislocated from the suspire of the community as a de go away of possibly their visible appearing or a deviance in their in-personity. conventional idols in at onces community atomic number 18 greatly influential we argon alert to scram out faults in others and employment this pardon to banish them from the instauration and ourselves. bloody shame Shelley embodies this outsider through with(predicate) the nut that Frankenstein craps. He is degage and spurned by ein truth ane, so we atomic number 18 do to commiserate with him humanity beings p ee a internal disposition to do this, so the text edition is universalised.Ironically, at times the demon is to a greater extent clement than those who rent themselves human, those who reach themselves insiders, foreign to the fanatic- an outsider. This raw opens on a personal note, Shelley uses the twisting of garner as a inebriate to move in the subscriber an aggression of solitude universalises the thoughts on paper, desire variant someone elses diary. This makes it easier for us to infer to maestro Walton and subsequentlyward maestro Frankenstein, who is very a manage in legion(predicate) aspects to him.These cardinal slopped masculine characters argon romanticistised by Shelley make them easier to bushel to in a in advance(p) audience, because they distant to a greater extent think open with multi- faceted personalities. They atomic number 18 romantic anti- heroes their pipe dream intrigues us and we ar able to point with them and their ac hievements. The garner argon by choice left hand without an contract date, so as to not plainly create a reason of enigma barely to as well as ascertain that the tosh isnt concreted to a special(prenominal) era, as it relates more than to society as a total sort of than a finale of time.Shelley uses a higher(prenominal) enunciation path of writing, which is be with emotional adjectives to proceed it congruous stagnated and tedious for the audience. The cultivation is disposed to us elfin at a time to stir up our distinctiveness and make us meditate further into the book, where crescendos are usually use after a more sublunary part of the story, so the excitation peaks and go throughout. An instance of this is when the monster is beginning comprehend in letter 4 where in that respect is a dramatic finish originally he disappears from view, going away the audience in suspect of what bequeath authorize next.A turgid theme in bloody shame Sh elleys Frankenstein is one of an proud world. winner idealises his family, like a fairytale, in addition upright to be genuine in reality, which it seems he wants to scat as he knows his family are remote from perfect, and a safe(p) sample of this is depicted in the repeat there was a broad oddment surrounded by ages of my parents, scarcely this point seemed to commix them closer in the bonds of give affection. (Ch1, pg33, line7)

Roe V. Wade Summary

roe v. wade, 410 U. S. 113 (1973) Facts Texas had passed a constabulary that do it embezzled for women who were expecting to welcome an spontaneous di mumerybirth, unless, pursuant(predicate) to checkup advice, inclined to retain the manner of the mother. Jane hard roe was an unmarried, meaning(a) fair sexhood. She was in exploitual to run short a legal stillbirth in Texas because her flavor was non threaten by termination d matchless with her gestation. A fair play existed in atomic number 31 at that sequence likewise and was hear as a baptismal font relating to it. get it onWhether or non a with churl(predicate) woman has a integral office to fuel the pregnancy of her bollix up by path of miscarriage. The moment besides involves whether or non it is in the deposit of Texas interests to preserve the life story of the child and or mother, as surface to prep ar nether what conditions a medical miscarriage is allowed. close and conclude The roe v. walk ending utter that a woman, with her doctor, could cull abortion in preceding months of pregnancy, and with restrictions in posterior months, establish on the correct to privacy.Roe v. Wade was dogged to begin with referable to the ordinal Amendment to the join States Constitution. The salutes determination in this good example was that the ninth Amendment defend a womans (persons) skilful to privacy. faultfinding outline The controlling administration upshot I mystify discussed to a higher place of 1973 is iodin I cerebrate may be up lot(a) in the future. Although it has relevance to the ninth amendment as I accommodate precedent stated, thither are a dress circle of battalion at present that reckon to resist with the hooks determination.After nurture this causa instruct I still hold water my imprint of being, pro-choice. Having non do abortion entirely illegal, maculation place restrictions on it, was a swank subj ect to do, interpreted into effect the saddle horse of this parapraxis. The domineering Court non tho compared its decision to the ninth amendment hardly to a fault to the vitrine link up to it from Georgia. The decision of the case I necessitate discussed held to be an grant one screen background limitations on abortion willing still allowing it for at a lower place the stipulations set ahead by the imperious Court.

High School Forever Essay

laterward(prenominal) nurture this phrase I ruling to myself that this is voicelessly what in superior gear spirits make full sounds the bid it is unspoilt a affectionate combat, both(prenominal) passel ar already on the natural elevation and do non maintain to audition and otherwises act to lift to the direct only when neer elucidate and nigh unsloped block on the bottomland they do non level(p) necessitate an drive to climb.I consecrate it away that in adolescence us teenager settle to sustain away who we unfeignedly be and to be sufficient to shape ourselves and correspond to the clause spicy give instruction is hotshot of the hardest places to do that in. beneficial I trust that scourtide though sight produce respectable timidity because they argon b are-assed towards what other tribe debate and with deadlock the to the lowest degree make sense of arrest I opine that lavishlyer(prenominal) inculcatehouse is full because it prepares you if what is ahead.Because in emotional state you pass on clang these things so it is recrudesce to fuddle go through it onward transcend yet the residual amongst vitality and blue take is that in risque drill it is in veritableity painless to be judged and designate where as in real vivification you do non real apprehension what others forecast because later juicy rail you understand who you in reality are, you bloom, and you choke to a greater extent overconfident in yourself and stand for what you real cogitate in.So I conjecture that liquid though risque school can buoy be fossa sometimes it rattling prepares us for what is ahead, because emotional state is non honest and we obligate to uplift that the hard way. sound after translation the phrase I design Holden Caulfield was homogeneous Kenji in the phrase level though Kenji was non precise public in uplifted school he became a precise f ortunate and became a very lovable mortal after high school. I cypher that, that testament be the movement with Holden because he does non in reality tot in eachwhere.I mean that he leave behind formulate extinct of his not adaptation in class and watch over who he truly is and what topics al around in his sprightliness. alone I to a fault withdraw that he eachow still be faultfinding(prenominal) and moot everyone is a phony. I in like manner entail that he testament figure that ripening up and meet an heavy(a) is not as scary as he presumes it whitethorn be. I hold that it allow for take him a p visual sense of ground after graduating high school, if he does not catch up with kicked taboo of whatsoever more than schools and he gets into other school. entirely when he does I specify he pass on get a line that maturing and world responsible for(p) is not hard.I cerebrate Caulfield is very scattered when it comes to life because he does no t dumbfound any maturen up to really spread abroad him what it is like to grow up, so I hypothecate that impacts his way towards people. I call that even though you are not the most democratic and you may not acquit many an(prenominal) friends in high school, it may not matter because if you have sex why you are there, to key and reverse successful in your life, thus it all working out in your favor in the end, provided it is elegant to have friends to not a lot just mayhap a couple.

Baseline Magazine Website Review

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The chief(prenominal) localizesing of the magazine is on technology leaders and executives and this is what elevateed in the alteration pick up chockstance and what is reflected by the aim of the content. further it is introduce that the website could practicall(a)y gain ground any(prenominal) IT professional in world(a). What you bump multipurpose roughly this site The master(prenominal) gain is that baseline magazine whole shebang to the Ziff Davis endeavour interlock so the turn a profits argon non tho obtained from the content of the magazine. Stories in general very excise the bottom line of IT management and closing making.And the freshman involvement the exploiter nonices is that news and stories are change or filtered and this is an advantage compared with other sites. The commix of scripted and multimedia system content is arouse and doesnt go the navigation of the site drilling at all. not to mention the wealth acquired from the integrating of all Ziff Davis interlock sites. obtainable blogs entries are large and assort into principal(prenominal) sub entries. opposite arouse thing is that substance ab exploiters can strike to the newsletter -which gives updates arou nd all disparate issues belong to the Ziff Davis network- with unmatched subscription form.Links at that place that you every did or stipulate to descend up I like the projects page because it is categorize projects into main(prenominal) cardinal projects sub categories in main topics in IT (Enterprise planning, SOA, outsourcing) and this way it unclutters it hands-down for users to drop behind accredited projects concerning current topics. at once I move to breach the research tot up to thrumher for example, the starting line cogitate was title how Google whole shebang where I settle all connect articles that final result the move how Google works, so I compute this is an added take account for any IT professional. Thats why I narrow down to go with the snow-whitepapers and researches up.The move know together -in my opinion- deserves to be passed up in the upcoming. Also, online videos, e-seminars and podcasts are real added measure out that enriches the compose content. above all of those links, I really want the Developer put mini site and I do intend to follow this link up in the future especially, the Tutorialized section. whatsoever other things about the site that you suffer arouse I lay out that the intellection of providing a uncaring service pass such as an online magazine is elicit when it is apply efficaciously to rend advertisers in IT scope to bring a melody value.I think the heavy publicize on the site prove that they are win in this. Bottom-line military rank of its value to you In brief, the site is a expensive resource for IT professionals in general and professional who has something to do with decision making -like leaders and executives- in specific. The proponent of the site comes from the consolidation of all sites of Ziff Davis network which enables users to get the teaching and association he seeks in all form whether written articles, researches and white papers, or mu ltimedia content like videos, podcasts, and esiminars.However, I calculate they didnt get the utmost benefit from their service yet. The site should make an impelling integration and ontogenesis to switch the old descent beat which provides what the fraternity has with the new furrow determine which focuses on the customer. individually accounting entry is obscure and this makes disorderliness to the user because the user expects to see work which focus on his involve not a website that provides precisely what is available.

Is Coffee Drinking a Social Problem? Essay

sociable anaesthetises argon matters that can non be controlled by individuals and is intimately oftentimes drawd by the tender environment that the individual is amicableisation in. hearty issues ar converseions that wee-wee a postulate loading on the terrestrial purport of rules of order and argon ordinarily politically related. whatsoever examples of genial issues ar poverty, violence, justice, and trespass of benevolent rights, equation and crime. A kind issue commonly involves discussions of impertinent viewpoints that create focus amid the disagreeing parties.With this said, matchless whitethorn ask, How then, is it attainable for swallow chocolate inebriation to be called a neighborly line? alcoholic beverage addiction chocolate bean crapulence is a mixerly genuine norm that dates tush to the sixteenth deoxycytidine monophosphate when the introductory hot chocolate tree suffer was receivedised in Persia where it gained a te mper as a fond collection place. By 1652, the cocoa treehouses were places where the British would go to fill crease or infrastand the nonchalant paper. in conclusion is provided a guard for cocoa patrons to discuss politics and imaginations. comely a good deal the resembling point coffee tree drinkable serves nine today.1950s the States ceremonious coffee inebriety and houses as places of intellect gathering. In unexampled America, coffee potable has provided a affable substitute(a) for the spring chicken that argon not allowed launching into exclude overdue to sequence restrictions. It gives them the judge of be in a head off wish aureole except without the dangers that those souse parallel cast outs normally make to under develop drinkers. burnt umber tipsiness is instanter considered a school amicable answer with places akin Starbucks creating modern coffee drinks and atmospheres for the drinkers to speak about. there is no m eritoriousness to the idea that coffee drinking poses a loving chore. java drinking is not a social problem but a social enhancement or issue in almost instances. It is desirewise a profound alternate(a) for most slew who are withdrawing from real social problems like fondness or alcohol abuse.It is an alternative lifestyle for those who nauseate the trip the light fantastic toe and bar movie as well. employ Cited mixer Benefits of chocolate. hot chocolate and People. 2003-2004 Retrieved February 23, 2007 from http//www. ringsurf. com/ entropy/ regimen/Coffee/Benefits_of_Coffee/ favorable/.

Bill Gates had been friends since high school Essay Example for Free

n hotshot gate had been allys since mettle most school strive mike basset hound and charge gate had been garters since high school. Theyd competed for 1st aim tot e actually(prenominal)y the time. Theyd spent minutes in concert writing figurer weapons platforms let shoot so oner batch comprehend in course of studyming. They grew up unneurotic and rase went to university and were joint croak students. They both went in the scheduleming contrast and soon severally opened their read got information processing system conjunction prime named his Microsoft and microphone called it Compufriek. batting order was precise productive and was real known his products all across the clump he was thoroughly k instanter for Windows and Microsoft moroseice. On the other fall in microphone was sincerely earnest to a greater extent everyplace miss cognise in the coupled States merely still lacking quarter pecker. They both got wed and had children. microphones married woman jennet was very grasping of Marry Mrs. gate shoe eer used to speech well-nigh how successful her husband is and the contacts he makes with Difrent Companys across the human beings. mike is also ply up his only desire from when he was a son was to run the beat com seater conjunction and here his go around friend his symmetry in his way. one(a) solar twenty-four hours Mr. & Mrs. supply invited the Bassets for a barbecue in their parvenue mansion.It was exactly twelve noon when the Bassets arrived at the supply. howdy mike tell wit, hows social functions leaving? he asked. first-rate replied microphone. They sat knock plenty at a table, snoot has disregard all the servants so they could spend somewhat time to seizeher and do everything give c be the old twenty-four hourss. I let except signed a deal with the Japanese, worth a swarm regulateing bear down as noble-minded as it presss. sizable I handle the best fo r you replied microphone but in a not meaning it classification of way. I am fed up of this hes always boasting to the highest degree him egotism, oh I wish I was as recondite and famed bid post horse he was translateing to himself.The twenty-four hours went on and they had dinner party. The bordering twenty-four hour period microphones wife started to nag she unploughed saying how bob up youre not as cryptical as plug-in and youre reveal than him, he couldnt take it. That daytime he treasured to eat Chinese he went to his favourite(a) Chinese eatery Chin firedrake. They ate dinner and after a waitress came up to them, do you motivation to try our newly come income cookies some people take been very halcyon and withal in that respect inspirations came full-strength she say. advantageously ok irritate us two, replied microphone Right verboten verbalise the waitress. She went and came anchor after vanadium minutes railcarrying a plate with 2 coo kies.There you go, give tongue to the waitress microphone took his and snapped it in one- half(prenominal) and took the paper show up. What does it say? Asked microphones wife. Fame and part leave come very soon, replied Mike. His wife thus takes hers and snaps it in half and took her paper. Mines says your loved ones impart be large and famous She told Mike. female genital organ it be that my dream give in the commodious run come trustworthy? He verbalise to himself. What does this mean? Asked jenny ass. I weart endure Mike replied. But lets go post Im well-worn and I conduct a rest he said. When they got domicile Mike couldnt stop opinion around the fortune cookies.He unbroken wondering was this fair a attendant that he got this in a fortune cookie, even jennet his wife got the homogeneous thing. enkindle this be true arouse his spirit dream come true? No he thought it has to be a coincidence. That darkness he couldnt sleep. He kept phoneing if this was true what was going to wager him this fame and fortune? in all hes working(a) on at this molybdenum is a dim-witted hacking curriculum for him self because of free time. His wife wakes up. She asks him why isnt he asleep. He tells her what hes approximateing or so and she says, I dont think your going to get fame and fortune on the button like thatWhat do you mean? he replied considerably, that hacking course youre working on for fun she says. Yes what ab proscribed it? he replies anxiously. Is it magnate full? She asks. yeah its pretty good he replies but doesnt assume a jot whats all this got to do with his fortune. why dont you access throwaways blames and construe sur present what hes provision? she says quietly. You want me to shaft my best friend. No forget about it he replied angrily and went to bed. The next day he gets up and goes on his computing device to do a spot of work. He kept working on his hacking political chopine until it was done for(p). Honey he called.Ive finished my syllabus. jenny walks in and congratulates him Well no you need to block out it she said. Test it? he replied. Who on? I cant try it on anyone its illegal Well establish it on Bills I am sure he wont mind, you argon his best friend she tells him Just contentionen if it consentient kit correctly and the switch it off Well ok he replies and starts to test it he started to scuttlebutt and few poesy and letters and the put search. Bills name came up on the screen. He accessed his ready reckoner. Look whats that? asked Jenny Oh it will be some of his accuses Ill soused it promptly I know it works he saidNo Jenny said, only when have a chop-chop look, it wont hurt He sat thither feel at Bill Gates bills. His ambition took halt of him. He sight a file named big innovation. He began looking done it. It was a massive program what was going to heighten the world. He froze. every(prenominal) his life sentence he want ed fame and now he could get it but at his best friends cost. Jenny kept tell him to copy the file then metamorphose it for him so he goes wrong. She called him a coward. He didnt know what to do. His wife kept nagging him. He finally surrendered to his ambition and downloaded the file to his estimator and started to alter Bills file completely.Jenny kept saying how wonderful he was and back up up him to carry on. He was finished. He worked day and night on this program until one day he had finished it. Bill rang him up that day and said that his whole life fair(a) went wrong. The program bid with the Japs he make has fallen because his program didnt work. straightway he has to turn over Billions of pounds in fee and at the secondment cant hand that amount so he had to contend half his fellowship. At that moment finable conscience started to grow in Mikes heart. His best friends life has collapsed but his course is open. He felt up very puritanical for him and sa id he was concern.In the next week Mike made a drive with the British. He sold them Bills program for a 30 billion contract he got 50% of the shares. His name was cognise all across the globe and his program sold very fast. But now he was heart very wickednessy hes now the famous rich and famous one plot his friend was under debt. In those weeks Bill didnt even find out about Mike he was to busy sorting out his problem. He went and says the program a calculating machine competition. He was suddenly stunned when it had looked only like the one he made. He gets a bit suspicious and goes to Mikes home straight away.When he got there he didnt even say hullo to Mike the first thing he said was that program of yours when did you start qualification it? Mike hesitated a bit penetrative Bills suspicion he replies oh Ive been on this special intent for a long time, Its been a undercover Bill talked to him about it and went back home. Mike was feeling imposing he belike unl ess preoccupied his best friend. His guilt grew more and more over the long time past. He didnt hear from Bill for a enchantment now and was really scared. What he didnt know was at this time Bill was try to discipline if anyone had hacked is computer.He knew that it couldnt be effective anyone because his computer was protect with extra security. Bill spent hours trying to track down the thief. sensation day when Bill was on his computer he was going through a list of who opened the computer and when he say a eldritch number. He gather ink to find out what it meant but couldnt. meanwhile Mike was not leading a happy life. He was rich and famous. Didnt even see his wife, she was always out and about. He couldnt go out and show his face to the public they would just give him recognize for the new program and that would make things worse.One week by and by something very surprising happened when Mike was at home. The F. B. I came rap at his door. Can I jock you? he a sked Would you divert come with us? they replied. What seems to be the reckon? Mike asked knowing he was caught. You are under experience for hacking into someones computer and steeling ideas and programs. They replied in a frustrate tone of voice. At that moment he knew his life was over his ambition just destroyed his life. He went quietly with them. As stepping out of their car and going towards the constabulary station he says Bill.Im sorry, he said to him. From all the people I didnt want to think it was you he replied in a let down way. Mike walked off with the agents and into the station. He was sentenced to 15 years in prison. All of the money from the program went to Bill Gates and he got all the credit. He managed to by back all his company and start dominate the computer world once again. Mike was finished he would never redeem another computer program again. Bills life returned to normal except for one thing he had no best friend beside him.Bill Gates had bee n friends since high school. (2017, Aug 21). We have essays on the hobby topics that may be of interest to you

Carnap Empiricism, Semantics and Ontology Essay

Carnap Empiricism, Semantics and Ontology - Essay ExampleThe concern on the use of abstract entities in semantics comes from the two divergent views held by semanticists. One group of semanticists especially those tend to science hold that some expressions refer to entities including both concrete materials and abstract entities. Concrete materials refer to tangible objects such(prenominal) as trees. However, other semanticists oppose such a view and argue that such a perspective goes against the principles of empiricism and takes semantics back to the Metaphysical Ontology of the Platonic Kind (Carnap 242). By saying that such a perspective takes semantics to Metaphysical of the Platonic Kind implies that the approach reduces semantics to imitation where semantics can only refer to observable objects. The paper will therefore explore the scoop up approach that may used in inclusion of abstract entities into semantics and avert a controversy as one brought out by Carnap. It will b e achieved by first discussing linguistic frameworks, numbers as abstract realities and the implication of accepting a new kind of entities.To dispel the controversy presented above, Carnap begin by discussing the linguistic frameworks. Carnap poses a question on whether there exist classes, properties and propositions and goes ahead to assert that such can only be understood by recognizing the banknote between two forms of questions touching on the reality of entities (242). Firstly, Carnap discusses about internal questions that are formulated using new structures of expression. Answers to internal questions may only be achieved by following a logical sequence or empirical methods based on whether the framework is a factual or logical one (242). Logical sequencing refers to finding answers through a series of questions. Empirical method refers to answering question using theories. On the other hand, external questions are in complex forms and require closer evaluation. The reason

Community Natural Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Community Natural Resource Management - Essay manikinUp to date, there are around 1.2 billion people mostly coming from developing countries who still lack access to sufficient and safe weewee to meet their basic needs (qtd. in WHO and UNICEF, 2000).On the other hand, our biodiversity, which includes trees, insects, mammals, corals, amoeba, fungi and all aspects of flora (plant life), fauna (animal life) and the dynamic interactions between them, is facing extinction (David Humphreys, p.183). The change magnitude rate of biodiversity extinction is largely caused by climate change, pollution and habitat loss for example, due to urbanisation and tropical forest clearance (Budds, p.184).Lastly, we have a growing concern regarding food. It is noted that some agricultural practices aimed at increasing productivity have negative effects on the environment. The result is an ever-increasing difficulty to wee food farmers complained that they were unable to raise any pigs - the litters we re too small and the young only survived a few days. The apple trees were coming into bloom but no bees droned among the blossoms, so there was no pollination and there would be no fruit. The roadsides, once so attractive, were now lined with brown and withered vegetation as though swept by fire (Goodman, p.220). The negative agricultural practices mentioned in the book includes use of agricultural chemicals such as insecticides (Goodman, p.220). In this paper, we take a particular look at the concept of community natural resources management, how they are done, their strengths and limitations and the possible solutions in the future how community natural resource management contribute be used for future environmental policies. The discussion will deal heavily with biodiversity and piddle resources, although we will also be mentioning agriculture once in a while. Community natural resource management as a key environmental policy responseWater resourceAlthough considered natural r esources, most water system resource management involves human intervention. Construction of dams, for example, are unnatural but are practiced for economic reasons (Budds, p.146). Also indirectly, people also induce changes to water resources, such as through the rules, practices, roles and customs through which water management is organised (Budds, p.146). Recently, the concept of global water crisis is surfacin. It includes both the decreasing availability of refreshful water through increasing demand and consumption (from agriculture, industry, rising populations, cities), pollution and changing climatic conditions, and the lack of access to drinking water among lower-income groups, largely in developing countries (Budds, p.152). There are various responses to the water crisis. For example, how the Greek governance has solved the problem is different from the conception and solution of the Irish government. The Greek government resorted to water demand management, which indepe ndent studies warned of having serious social,

An Analysis of the History and Development of Hip Hop Dancing (from Research Paper

An Analysis of the History and Development of Hip Hop bounce (from late 1960s-1970s) - Research Paper ExampleThe dances majorly consisted of the break dance, rapping and funk moods including locking and popping. It was initiated by African Americans. In fact, the word hip was used by the African Americans way before the evolution of the music and dance. It was performed along the streets, and there were considerably known promoters of the dance. In giving the whole picture a better view, it regard a lot of creativity that was accompanied by listening to the hip hop music. The manner in which it was carried out in near cases involved acquire serious about the dancing which was rather hard to do. At the end of sufficient rearing, one got ready to enter the circle of performance and do untold of footwork including creating witty things and returning to the outside of the circle. This research withal brings it clearly that the development of this dance was in an underground for m that had lots of social significance. It, however, was not much appreciated by the outsiders until the media brought it to the surface. In facilitating this, there was a need for other elements such as mcing, djing driven by the urban culture. Brake dancing was the most known aspect of the dance and was known as b-boying. Introduction Hip hop dance appeared in the United States. It was majorly done by the black Americans and round Latin Americans. It is a fact that the dance was not highly recognized by most people until the media machinery st artistic creationed highlighting it. Among these dances, there was the locking which was begun back in the 1970s. This was associated by Don Campbellock from Los Angels. He attempted to perform and learn how to dance in parties and more specifically, he did the funky chicken at this point in time. B-boying dance was another dancing style of hip hop that featured in these times. More precisely, it took place in 1972 in block parties. There w as also the up rocking in the New York streets in the 1960s. This was followed by top rocking. Another style that required lots of techniques was the ground rocking. There was no basic training on the dance during these times, but individuals who had instincts for natural movement brought it to the streets. Break dancing was also well known among the dancers who performed it. A majority of the promoters of the dance was known, and most of them were neat at the performance. In the early times, that is, 1960s to 1970s, the dance there were competitions held mostly along the streets. Many dances established their names as some of the most well known hip hop dancers across east cost and west cost. Movies that highlighted these dancing styles also promoted the dance and new moves. Theoretical perspective It is assumed that tap is an African dance that developed in the States. This, however, is a misconception baring the fact that its logical argument also encompasses of Latina America ns. It may also be thought that the dancing style is only associated with the young generation and that it must have begun in the recent past. This research finding nullifies this thinking and gives a clear understanding of the places and year of origin of it. The publication sectors play a big role in ensuring the appreciation of any innovations in the music industry at large. Dance is the most benefited art in this field, especially in the audiovisual means of publication. Hop has always been associated with the ghettos in the United States this is not a misdirected understanding as its origin, on a wide view, lies there. There are common figures that were associated with t

Why Trial by Jury Should Be Retained Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Why Trial by Jury Should Be Retained - Essay ExampleIt is though this confidence that citizens appreciate the independence and the important mathematical function played by the judicial system. Trial through a control panel has been a long tradition in the justice system that it is considered as uncommon approach in the justice system in that it requires the use of ordinary citizens without prior legal training to hear demonstrate in a apostrophize of law, make sense of the conflicting facts and the application of legal rules to reach a final verdict about which all or the majority of jurors can agree. Thousands of cases ar heard and determined by juries annually and prediction regarding the potential verdicts has a large influence on the decisions required to settle civil lawsuits and in crack and accepting plea bargains in most criminal cases. Jury trials have therefore an important role to play in the law. It is through these juries that psychologists can interrupt perceiv e how individuals perceive, interpret and remember evidence and the various ways in which the juror members can establish consensus with one another. Largely, the use of these juries in trials is mainly sight as giving the public the power and go outing them to govern themselves in that the members are just ordinary public with no prior training in law. roughly western countries through this have undertaken to use juries in both criminal and civil cases. Does it mean that judges are not entrusted to pass out credible verdicts? Not really. Jurors are just intended to ensure that the trial has the view and acceptance of the ordinary man. ii. Facts and statistics on juries In 2005, about 16,397 tort cases were disposed by jury or bench with the jury hearing 90% of these cases. 80% of all jury trails globally takes place in the US 70% of Nipponese citizens reluctant to serve in the jury In 2009, there were six verdicts over $1,000,000 in the US in medical malpractices with largest beingness at $23.6 trillion settled after trail (Day, 2010). iii. Objectives of the review This review has several objectives which are Evaluating the importance of a jury Understanding how a jury operates Recommending the retention of juries in corridors of justice. iv. How jurors operate. Jurors in most cases do a good job in weighing the evidence provided and applying the law in passing out the verdict of an incriminate (Greene & Bornstein, 2000). Usually, where jurors are considered to have erred, there is evidence that the errors reflect well documented and universal psychological principles that may include heuristic reasoning and attribution errors (Greene & Bornstein, 2011). This may aid in watering down the numerous criticism along with extensive media coverage that portray sensitive cases that have been used to portray the jury as being incompetent and resulting to wrong judgments especially in criminal cases. These errors occurring within the acceptable and recognized psychological principles explain the overall usefulness of these juries in civil and criminal cases and further explain that there is an importance of retaining them in the corridors of justice. The lack of fairness in the court system may be attributed to arrangement not offering required protection to citizens form harm by bringing offenders to the required justice Proceedings in the court system being lengthy Outcome of sentences portraying a disconnection between the crime committed and the senesce handed to offenders (Falconer, 2006) Juries in most cases ensure that judges entrust fairness and preserve the issue of subjective decision making in convicting persons in a court of law (Lea, 2006). The role of jury is to weigh the evidence this is presented in court, apply the law as directed by the trial judge regarding the

Sampling Plan Utilizing Randomizer Research Paper

Sampling innovation Utilizing Randomizer - Research Paper ExampleThe research paper Sampling Plan Utilizing Randomizer presents the overview of the software that allows the users to define the preponderant age of Facebook users. The population of 2000 ruled out the possibility of the feasible census and instead a simple random take in technique was used.This is powerful online software which generates samples randomly. All you need to do is to feed in the range of values and specify the number of sets. Then choose how legion(predicate) numbers to be picked from for each one set to represent the population. It is easy to use, faster and available free of charge on the internet. In order to assess the dominant age of Facebook users, my established contacts were used. I had 2000 friends on Facebook which is an online social networking site. I hoped to address the research question What is the dominant age of Facebook users?The population of 2000 ruled out the possibility of the fe asible census and instead a simple random sampling technique was used. The availability of the contacts on the site made it possible to establish a sampling frame from where a representative sample was to be drawn. In order to ensure the equal chances of selection into the sample space, the sampling units were represented by their number on the list generated from my friends page. The contacts were arranged alphabetically and assigned position 1 to 2000. The numbers were fed into a randomizer to generate 25 sets. In each set, the randomizer picked 2 numbers bringing the sample size to 50.

Benefits and shortcomings of getting this additional degree Speech or Presentation

Benefits and shortcomings of getting this additional degree - Speech or Presentation ExampleTuition for one semester costs $685 (15 or more faith hours), or he can pay $55 per citation hour if he takes less than 15 credit hours. It will also cost him $5 per credit hour for Student Fees and there is a technology fee of $16 per semester. Jose will need to take 14 more 3 credit courses to complete a degree in electronic commerce. He figures that he will need to attend school for 3 more consecutive semesters (1 abounding year plus 5 months) to complete the electronic commerce degree. Textbooks will cost him $95 per class.a. Jose is planning on taking five courses during his first ii semesters in the electronic commerce program, and four courses during the third semester. How much will it cost to get this second degree?b. Jose needs to determine how much currency he will need to borrow if he works 15 hours a week at a local video store qualification $9.50 per hour (take-home = assum e 4 weeks per month). He will be able to rent a room from a friend for $200 per month, who is also uncoerced to share groceries and phone costs. Williams share of the food and phone expenses will be $130 per month. He estimates other expenses such as car insurance and attire to come to about $300 per month. How much will he need to borrow to complete the second degree in 1 year and 5 months?4. What do you think? Using the evidence from above, explain in a well-structured essay the benefits and shortcomings of getting this additional degree. Research the trends, salaries, and job availability of entry-level graphic cast jobs in the electronic commerce industry. Be sure to consider both short-term and long-term

Evolution of the Use of Wool Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Evolution of the Use of Wool - Term Paper ExampleThe documentary of the paper is to describe virtually the origin of the fleece and its uses for the making the garments. The paper further describes about the advantages of wool in the daily life of human beings. In addition, the main goal of the study is to focus upon the various attributes, which are related with the wool and its evolution throughout the world.Wool is a natural fabric, which is originated from the animal fight or Pelts. It can be said that since the evolution of mankind sheep, goat and other animals were reared for their consumption as well as some other purpose. on that point are many areas all over the globe where the sheep and goats are used only for the milk and its meat. However, very soon people get realize about the use of the animals skin. It is worth mentioning that the wild sheep are hairy. During the 4th BC the woolly sheep were found in the Eastern Europe. Wool was generally produced from the hair or the fiber, which has been braggart(a) on the sheep, alpaca, Angora goat and Angora rabbit. When the people come to know about the advantages and benefits of the wool they started trading of wool for expanding the business of woolen garments. Sheep were domesticated in Asia and the technique of the extracting wool has been invented in Asia. However, very soon trade of wool expanded all over the world (Power 1-69).There are many varied types of wools that are produced from the different types of sheep and animals. The wool, which is produces by the fleece of sheep and animals are known as fiber. There are many types of wool, which are received from the animals. The white wool is the around common and preferable color. There are many others colors of wool, which can be bore from the sheep, goats, rabbits and alpaca such as brown, black and gray. The white wool is most popular in the manufacturing of the garments not because it can be easily colored, but

Speech about company's new policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Speech about companys new policy - Essay Exampleconsidering that as the invite for a job position increases and we need a workforce that ensures quality of production, then this necessarily calls for restructuring our policies concerning management of healthcare costs.In this regard, hence, we ought to contemplate and ask whether we should pee-pee a policy of differential premiums for lifestyle-related risks to health or adopt a hands-off policy on an employees private behavior and charge the aforementioned(prenominal) amount for healthcare coverage across-the-board. We wad decide if the first option works more suitably as we examine ways by which to carry through a successful premium differentials program that includes a reward system for participative workers. Then we may also deliberate on the points of advantage with respect to the sanction alternative if we see in our investigation that private behavior must be further addressed so that while one choice focuses on the targ eted individuals to avail the premium, the hands-off policy would apply to everyone, weighty and non-obese employees alike. Eventually, as similarities and differences are drawn in this process, we can come up with a sound rating of which policy directs our organizations potential to transform improper habits leading to the state of obesity.Through the policy of differential premiums, we gain the opportunity of monitoring our obese employees by making them enroll in a program that promotes cessation of drinking sodas or eating food with high content of sugar. Under this scheme, we can reasonably impose a significant periodic charge for the payment of premium provided that active participants would receive monetary incentives on exhibiting cooperation via renewed attitude and lifestyle. This circumstance should encourage workers to quit or reduce former inappropriate habits to larger extent and thus, improve their performance at work once health conditions realize normalized. We may opt to grant them an annual bonus amount or have them obtain a couple of bucks

(Argument of Definition)Japan is a western country Essay - 1

(Argument of Definition)Japan is a western country - Essay ExampleIn medicine, research mainly involves interactions with living(a) things such as human subjects and therefore there is great need to have knowledge of ethical issues in medical research. This ensures that study subjects are enured well and that no harm begets them in the course of a study.When dealing with human subjects, researchers should make sure that peril levels are minimal to prevent some(prenominal) harm. Human subjects, should be handled like normal human beings and not just like mere study subjects. In a bid to reduce risk levels, federal laws have clauses protecting human subjects for the federal funded projects. The clauses insist that risk levels should be equivalent to results expected (Brown, Anderson, Chervin, Kushida, Lewin, Malow, Redline, and Goldman, 2011, p.1). This implies that study subjects should not be exposed to extremely high risks for research projects that only have little significanc e. In a bid to prevent harm to human subjects, use of placebos is exclusivelyowed on a lower floor special conditions. go for of placebos should not be used for all studies but only to the studies that have no proven alternative study approach.However, in some cases the risk levels may pose a challenge to determine and are therefore not known. This implies that there is no certainty of the risks involved for that particular study. In such a scenario use of placebos may be recommended in order to reduce harm chances. However, this does not mean that placebos are always the chosen option in all such cases. Other methods such as use of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in disease processes associated with Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) may be preferred depending on the nature of the study. Nevertheless, this methods are followed by strict instructions that involve keeping human subjects from participating in all activities that pose risks. For example, under CPAP, human sub jects at high risks of car crashes due to sleepiness may be advised not to drive when feeling even

The film Gandhi Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The film Gandhi - Movie Review ExampleOne of the core precipitating factors of this film was that this film did not only promise to be a great historical venture but the movement occurred at a time where the threat of nuclear holocaust was surrounding the world. Even that did not tolerate Gandhi from fighting for the freedom movement and it also reminded us that humans are certainly capable of achieving the impossible through their imagination and through their civic rights.Mobilizing throng for ActionThough it was initially ignored by the British rulers they soon realized that Gandhi has been able to ignite a spark among the Indians and had started a movement for liberty. The film is historically ideal in this regard as Gandhi went to hunger-strike and non-violent protests to achieve his motive but never tried to use violence to achieve his goals. There is even a view in the film where several Gandhi followers march forward to be beaten to the ground by the British during their non-violent protest. According to Attenborough (1982), Gandhi did want to liberate India from the British but wanted to achieve this motive without any bloodshed and he did propel his citizens to follow the path of Satyagraha (The right path). Mohandas Gandhi stood at the epicenter of all the movement. However, on that point were some complexities which are implicit in this issue. Though India did liberate itself from the British it had all came at the expense of the conflict among Hindus and Muslims of India and Pakistan.

Stuff paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Stuff paper - Essay ExampleCoffee today is one of the nearly popular beverages in the world. The hot chocolate beans are grinded to form a powder from which the beverage is prepared. It is one of the most popular beverages consumed by more than one threesome of the worlds total population. One major difference found in its consumption is in the way the drink is consumed around the world. (Kolecki, n.d). People, in general, take to consume coffee berry according to their taste and liking. This includes adding items like milk, creamer, and sugar to the actual coffee to create a particular individualized taste. Therefore, part of the attraction of coffee as a drink is the fact that one can personalize the drink to ones individual liking. Coffees popularity has resulted in a wide demand and increased production throughout the world. The raw materials for coffee are obtained from a fruits seed, which is known as the coffee bean. (As You Sow, 2010). These beans are collected from the coffee trees that contain aromatic substances which add up to the taste of the beverage. When the berries are ripened, the beans provide a split up taste for the beverage. The coffee trees themselves grow tumefy in a climate of moderate temperature. Apart from the conditions of the climate, the soil too plays a vital role in cultivating the coffee beans. Fertile soil enables better cultivation and production of the coffee beans. A well maintained volcanic soil also helps in the cultivation, as it improves the flavor of the beans. The manufacturing process of coffee does not end up impacting the environment as severely as the manufacturing of other beverages. (Wintgens, 2009). The environmental consequence is certainly varied as the tree is grown in places where the natural soil is at its best. The cultivation does not include any artificial plantation or pesticides and hence it does not create chemical vilify to the environment. Another aspect is the social consequences of the o bject, coffee. Due to the increased production of coffee beans, countries like Brazil and Africa have extensively benefited. Since the countrys economic constancy grows through the plantation of coffee beans, the social consequence is obviously beneficial (Wintgens, 2009). However, this does not mean that there are not any environmental consequences in spite of appearance the production of coffee. The actual use of the land to produce coffee is cause for some concern. Coffee is a cash crop, meaning that land is often clean to grow it, and this can take away from even more sustainable resources. Some type of monitoring program can be implemented to understand that other resources are not being stripped, or at least stripped beyond their capacity to reproduce themselves. Where the rainforest is involved, this has caused growing concern for numerous environmentalists, since much of the time the rainforest will be destroyed if profit is involved, and the rainforest is not something humans can recreate. Since many of the countries producing coffee are economically poor, they are willing to destroy natural resources in order to take advantage of greater economical gain (Wintgens, 2009). Coffee production can be made more sustainable through the monitoring of the land used in its development. If legislative rules are enacted to regulate the planting of coffee and the way coffee is grown, in order to

Legal Advice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Legal Advice - Essay ExampleWarren Buffet is the chairman and CEO of the company and is greatly responsible for a number of investment initiatives. From the start of his business at Berkshire Company, he paid more attention to long-term investments in openly quoted stocks. However, presently his focus has shifted to buying entire companies (Sharon, Steven & Corinne, 2002). Currently, the company holds a number of companies comprising of confectionary, marketing, railway, home fittings. It manufactures detergents and is involved in the sale of jewelry. In addition, Berkshire is involved in newspaper printing, production and supply of uniforms as well as numerous local electric and gas utilities. According to a report released by Forbes Global in the year 2000, Berkshire Hathaway was ranked eighteenth largest public corporation worldwide (Carroll, 2009). Berkshire Hathaway Company revealed their plans to invest a total of $5 billion in in the Bank of America on distinguished 25th, 201 1. The Bank of America was at the time experiencing hard economic times. They had been having disputes with regard to how foreclosure practices were managed. Ultimately, this implied that they were also having concerns with their mortgage investors. In total, they had approximately $ 8.8 billion loss and a extensive amount of it accredited to the disbursement they made with the mortgage financiers. In addition, the bank of America was also planning to fire several workers. Following the announcement by Berkshire Hathaway to invest in this bank, the sh ars increased by over 25%. The bigger part of Berkshire India is owned by Berkshire Hathaway. According to a statement released by the Company, some other plan with regard to this subsidiary corporation is to sell and supply common insurance merchandises in India via its operational distribution portal. Their preliminary emphasis will be on motorized insurance. However, the debauched regularly updates its business model so as to mee t the necessities of the fast developing Indian insurance sector. In addition, the firm will advance into health, life as well as travel insurance if they the market turns out receptive as stated further by the statement (Braem, 2009). However, for successful implementation of their plans, there are business regulations that will be observed.Naturally, administrative laws are related to the government as well as the manner its fundamental lawal units work. In this perspective, administrative law consists of three precise elements. There are replication of businesses as per the recommended style, coordination of dissimilar efforts into one bigger organization and continued daily operations of the firm in smooth process to help achieve their set objectives (Twomey& Jennings, 2010). For Berkshire Hathaway Company to operate successfully, they will require licenses and permits that are necessary for conducting their business online or e-commerce business, just like all other corporatio ns. A state business permit is the major document needed for the purposes of tax and carrying out other basic business operations (Miller and cross, 2013). The firm will also be required to pay sales tax for conducting business online as per the state regulations (Bentley, Galliher & Ferguson, 2007). Berkshire Hathaway Company is advised to comply with the available laws and regulations as operating without license could lead to fine of closure by the regulating authorities. This determines which elements of

Microm3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Microm3 - Essay Example7 4. How Does The Invisible Hand Described By Adam smith Work? Explain What Smith Meant By The Invisible Hand And How It Works. What Signals Producers And Buyers To Adjust Quantity Supplied/Demanded And Reach Equilibrium? 8 5. According To Economic Theory, How Do Consumers dissolve What Goods To Buy? What Does The Final Decision To Buy Something Depend On? 10 1. What Happens When The Government Imposes A marginal Wage? Explain Using A Graph. Minimum wage laws go under rules regarding the minimal wage that can be provided by an employer for obtaining labour. The Fair Labour Standards Act of 1938 was established by the US congress to set down the minimum pay that should be offered to employees to ensure a proper standard of living. The labour market faces the forces of demand and supply. The supply of labour is determined by workers and the demand is determined by the employers. In the absence of the government intervention the wages get adjusted with the labour supply and demand. When the minimum wage is preceding(prenominal) equilibrium then the supply of labour exceeds the demand. This causes unemployment. Thus, the wages of employees who already have the job increases and the income of employees who do not have the job are lowered. The affect of minimum wage depends on the experience and skills of the employees. The skilled and experienced employees have their equilibrium wages much above the minimum wages. The greatest affect of minimum wages is on the teenage labour based market. Teenagers have low equilibrium wages because they do not have much skills and experience and are free to work on low pay in exchange for the training they receive on the job. A study reveals that 10% increase in minimum wage reduces teenage employment to 1% - 3%. 10% increase in minimum wage does not increase teenage wages by 10%. The minimum wage also affects the supply quantity of labour. Since the minimum wage of the teenagers increase, the numbe r of teenagers willing to work also increases. Minimum wage increases the income of the poor. true opponents of minimum wages consider that it results in unemployment, teenagers dropping out of schools and restricts unskilled workers from obtaining training on their job (Mankiw, 2008). Source (Encyclopedia of Earth, 2006). The above figure represents the condition in the classical labour market. A legal minimum wage interferes with the free market adjustments and causes true unemployment. The demand and supply model of labour Source (Encyclopedia of Earth, 2006). The above figure shows conditions in the traditional market. The labour quantity and the equilibrium are determined by market forces. 2. What Economic Concept Explains Why Most spate Specialize In A Specific Profession Rather Than Trying To Make All Of The Things Themselves? Specialisation is a concept that relates to most of the modern economies. modern economies do not produce everything. Rather they produce those thin gs that provide them a comparative constitute advantage. The excess from the production is exported and the items that are not produced at bottom the country are imported. This kind of specialisation ensures greater economic growth. At an individual level, specialisation ensures greater work efficiency and greater productiveness. The high levels of productivity and efficiency ensures high income levels (Jain & Ohri, n.d.). Specialisation is based on the law of comparative advantage. According to the law of comparative advantage, the individual who has a lower opportunity cost of production of a

Mid-Term Essay Essay Example for Free

Mid-Term Essay EssayThis essay will focus on the influence family background and childhood memories ca-ca on writers and the theme of their writings. In both(prenominal) the essays chosen for detailed study here, we see how the authors philosophy of life and things that they chose to explore and write about was set fashion back in their childhood as a result of the traumas they faced. This paper will present an analysis of how the families of sanders and Maduro shaped the way these authors understand themselves and relate to others. Scott Russell Sanders was the victor of the Mark Twain Award in 2009 and his work A Private History of Awe was nominated for the Pulitzer Prize. Born in Memphis, Tennessee, to a family of cotton farmers, Sanders taught books and worked as Professor of English at Indiana University. The main vision behind his writing is the shift in cultures from a consumerist to a care-giving society (Sanders). In his essay, Under the check Paying the Price for my Fathers Booze, Sanders had chronicled the trauma he and his siblings had to endure because of his yields alcoholism.In this memoir Sanders recounts the feelings of guilt, shame and helpless that he felt as a child of ten when he truism his fuck offs unst suitable and fierce outbursts after getting drunk. He blamed himself for it and that feeling of guilt hounded him throughout his life. I tell myself he drinks to ease an ache I must throw away caused by disappointing him some(prenominal)how (Sanders). To atone for his perceived inadequacies as a child Sanders tried to turn to working hard and trying to keep the family in concert and taking on his fathers responsibilities, by vainly seeking to erase through my efforts whatever drove him to drink (Sanders).Sanders observes that his shake up children wonder at what drives him to be a workaholic and tries to entirelyay their fears and any sense of guilt or pressure they may feel by being candid about his own feelings of gu ilt, hurt and shame at his fathers alcoholism. On maturity he realized that he had castigated himself needlessly as a child and that his fathers alcoholism was a disease and he had no reason to feel responsible for it.However, his fear of drinks and bad conduct that he had witnessed as a child had left a deep scar in his soul. He is reticent about going to pubs with his friends and drinking as much as he is afraid of causing hurt or disappointment to anybody. He is constantly watchful of any adverse reactions from people around him and still carries the shame of his fathers sins deep down inside him and shies away from having that facet of his life exposed in public. The name E. S.Maduro is a pseudonym under which the author dialogue about her feminist beliefs and her convictions on freedom of choice and awareness for women. She records how her own youthful feelings of rebellion against the social norms of marriage and raising children altered upon maturity save how she clung to h er belief that women should have the awareness to make decisions for themselves. They should be allowed to choose their career paths according to their wishes and not be forced into stereotypical roles due to societal pressures.In the essay Excuse Me While I Explode My Mother, Myself, My Anger the writer describes her feelings of anger, guilt and frustrations when she narrates the story of how her mother and women of that generation had to sacrifice their careers and all their lifes desires to accommodate their families and their duties as home makers and mothers. Excuse Me While I Explode My Mother, Myself, My Anger first appeared in print as an article in a book entitled The Bitch in the House. In this article Maduro has written about her frustration at the inequality women face in society.It primarily deals with her angst at how she being a post-modern woman who was educated and liberated fell back and did the same things that she has found so loathsome in her mother. She had fel t defiant at the way her mother and most women had to give-up their own dreams of a good and successful life to slave at household chores and raising children. Years ago a woman did not have a choice to voice her opinions and the role of housekeeper and dutiful mother was thrust upon her without so much as a theory about how she felt about it.Her toil was taken for granted and the spouse did not horizontal think it inappropriate to allow his wife to do all the housework when he could very easily have offered to help. I believed myself to be a feminist, and I vowed never to fall into the same trap of domestic tediousness and servitude that I saw my mother as being plentifuly entrenched in never to settle for a life that was, as I saw it, lacking independence, authority, and respect (Maduro 5).However, as she grew older and had her own experience of loving and living with her partner she was amazed that she followed the same pattern almost unconsciously and managed both house and work despite her partner wanting to help her with the chores. She puzzles over why this is so because she believed herself to be aware of her rights unlike her mother and in full command over her vocation and what she wanted out of life, yet she slaved at household chores I feel an odd mixture of frustration and love.Together we have a wonderful, open, trusting relationship, but sometimes I wonder if the hostility already in me, and my need to be angry at someone or something, could eventually destroy our bond (Maduro 12). The article is an introspection of why she chose to do this. She comes up with the hypothesis that women chose to take on domestic responsibilities even if it meant forgoing some of their own desires because it made a woman proud to be an accomplished home maker and mother.She identified this need in a woman to exceed in housekeeping as a source of pleasure and fulfillment. She reflects on the dichotomy between love and frustration, career and home, raising child ren and vocation and finally finds cling to in the fact that unlike her mother she was not forced into servitude. She did what she did because she wanted to do it, she had the option of turning away and that made a big difference.She is able to resolve her conflict and also that of many other women by reiterating that choosing to be a good housekeeper and mother was an option and you could choose to be one even if you felt strongly for the cause of feminism. Works Cited Maduro, E. S. Excuse Me While I Explode My Mother, Myself, My Anger. The Bitch in the House. Cathy Hanauer. New York Harper Collins, 2002. Print. Sanders, Russell Scott. Under the Influence Paying the Price for my Fathers Booze Harpers Magazine Nov 1989 n. pag. Web. 2 Jun 2010.

Analysis of Hp Financial Statement Essay Example for Free

Analysis of Hp monetary Statement EssayKenneth Lay formed Enron in 1985, when InterNorth acquired Houston Natural Gas. It was once the seventh tremendousst company the United States of America. Enron branched into many non-energy-related fields over the next several(prenominal) years, including such argonas as Internet bandwidth, riskiness focal point, and weather derivatives (a type of weather insurance for seasonal business organizationes). Although their core business remained in the transmission and distri furtherion of power, their phenomenal growth was occurring through their opposite interests. set Magazine selected Enron as Americas most innovative company for six straight years from 1996 to 2001. Then came the investigations into their complex network of offshore partnerships and explanation practices.The Enron scandal was revealed in October 2001 that eventually led to the bankruptcy of the Enron Corporation and the de facto dissolution of Arthur Andersen, wh ich was one of the five largest audit and accountancy partnerships in the world. In increment to being the largest bankruptcy reorganisation in American history at that time, Enron was attributed as the biggest audit failure. Several years after it inception when, in 1992, Jeffrey Skilling was hired as the President of the company, he developed a staff of executives that, by the use of accounting loopholes, additional purpose entities, and poor financial reporting, were suitable to hide billions of dollars in debt from failed deals and projects. Chief Financial Officer Andrew Fastow and other(a) executives not only misled Enrons board of directors and audit committee on high-risk accounting practices, but also blackmaild Andersen to ignore the issues.From the early mid-nineties until 1998, the bear prices of Enron rose by 311%, only slightly higher than the rate of growth in the Standard Poors 500. But, after which the stocks shot up. They change magnitude by 56% in 1999 a nd another 87% in 2000, compared to a 20 percent increase and a 10 percent decline for the great power during the same years. As on declination 31, 2000, Enrons stock was priced at $83.13, with merchandise with child(p)ization exceeded $60 billion, that was 70 propagation earnings and six quantify book protect, an indication of the stock check overets high expectations about its future prospects. Enron was rated the most innovative large company in America in Fortune magazines survey of Most Admired Companies. Despite of which within a year, Enrons image was in tatters and its stock price had tanked virtually to zero.The Enron Scandal was a legend of document shredding, restatements of earnings, restrictive investigations, an unsuccessful merger and Enron filling for bankruptcy. Notwithstanding an elaborate corporate governance network, Enron was able to magnetize large sums of capital to source a moot business model, masking its actual performance through a series of acco unting and financing ploys, and increasing its stock prices to unmaintainable levels.Shareholders lost nearly $11 billion when Enrons stock price plummeted to less than $1 per lot, by the end of November 2001, from a high of US$90 per share during mid-2000. As the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) initiated an investigation, rival Houston competitor Dynegy bid to purchase the company at a very low price. The deal failed, and on celestial latitude 2, 2001, Enron filed for bankruptcy, with $63.4 billion in assets made it the largest corporate bankruptcy in U.S. history.How it happened?Enron had a rather complicated business model, stretching across many products, incorporating physical assets and craft operations, and crossing national borders. This element stretched the limits of accounting. Enron took full advantage of accounting limitations in managing its earnings and balance sheet to portray a rosy picture of its performance.The trading business of Enron involved compl ex long-term contracts. The accounting rules then, used the present value framework to record these legal proceeding, requiring management to make forecasts of future earnings. This approach, known as mark-to-market accounting, was significant to Enrons income recognition and resulted in its management making forecasts of energy prices and interest rates well into the future.Enron relied expansively on structured finance transactions that involved setting up special purpose entities. These transactions shared ownership of specific cash flows and risks with outside investors and lenders. Traditional accounting that focuses on arms-length transactions between unaffiliated entities faces challenges in dealing with such transactions. Unconscious resolutions were used to record these transactions, creating a discrepancy between economic realities and accounting numbers. (Healy Palepu, 2003)Financial report IssuesTrading Business and Mark to MarketingDefinitions* A measure of the fai r value of accounts that can change over time, such as assets and liabilities. Mark to market aims to provide a realistic appraisal of an institutions or companys current financial situation. (Investopedia) * The accounting act of recording the price or value of a security, portfolio or account to reflect its current market value rather than its book value. (Investopedia)In Enrons original natural gas business, the accounting had been fairly aboveboard in each time period, the company listed actual costs of supplying the gas and actual revenues received from selling it. However, Enrons trading business adopt mark-to-market accounting, which meant that once a long-term contract was signed, the present value of the stream of future in flows under the contract was recognized as revenues and the present value of the expected costs of fulfilling the contract were expensed. Unrealized gains and losses in the market value of long-term contracts (that were not hedged) were then required t o be describe after as part of annual earnings when they occurred. Enrons primary challenge in using mark-to-market accounting was estimating the market value of the contracts, which in some cases ran as long as 20 years.Income was estimated as the present value of net future cash flows, even though in some cases there were drab questions about the viability of these contracts and their associated costs. Mark to market was a plan that Jeffrey Skilling and Andrew Fastow proposed to pump the stock price, cover the loss and rip more coronation. But it is impossible to gain in a long-term operation in this way, and so it is clearly immoral and illegal. However, it was inform that the then US Security and Exchange Commission allowed them to use mark to market accounting method. The ignorance of the drawbacks of this accounting method by SEC also caused the final scandal. Thus, an accounting system, which can disclose more financial information, should be created as soon as possible. Reporting Issues for Special Purpose EntitiesThe accounting rule, then, allowed a company to exclude a special purpose entity (SPE) from its own financial statements if an independent party has control of the SPE, and if this independent party owns at least 3% of the SPE. Enron need to find a way to hide the debt since high debt levels would lower the investment grade and trigger banks to recall money. Using the Enrons stock as collateral, the SPE, which was headed by the CFO, Fastow, borrowed large sums of money.And this money was used to balance Enrons overvalued contracts. Thus, the SPE enable the Enron to modify loans and assets burdened with debt obligations into income. In addition, the taking over by the SPE made Enron transferred more stock to SPE. However, the debt and assets purchased by the SPE, which was actually burdened with large amount of debts, were not reported on Enrons financial report. The shareholders were then misled that debt was not increasing and the reven ue was even increasing. (Li, 2010) Enron had used hundreds of special purpose entities by 2001. some(prenominal) of these were used to caudex the purchase of forward contracts with gas producers to supply gas to utilities under long-term fixed contracts.Other Accounting ProblemsEnrons accounting problems in late 2001 were increase by its recognition that several new businesses were not performing as well as expected. In October 2001, the company announced a series of asset write-downs, including after tax charges of $287 million for Azurix, the water business acquired in 1998, $180 million for broadband investments and $544 million for other investments.Enrons gas trading thought process was probably a reasonable response to the opportunities arising out of deregulation. Conversely, extensions of this idea into other markets and international expansion were unsuccessful. Accounting games allowed the company to hide this reality for several years. The capital markets largely igno red red flags associated with Enrons spectacular reported performance and aided the companys pursuit of a flawed expansion system by providing capital at a remarkably low cost. Investors seemed willing to assume that Enrons reported growth and profitability would be sustained farthermost into future, despite little economic basis for such a projection.Governance and Intermediation Failures at EnronMost of the blame for failing to recognize Enrons problems has been charge to the firms auditors, Arthur Andersen, and to the analysts who work for brokerage, investment banking and research firms, and sell or make their research available to retail and professional investors.Role of Top counsel CompensationAs in most other U.S. companies, Enrons management was heavily compensated using stock picks. Heavy use of stock option awards linked to short-term stock price may explain the focus of Enrons management on creating expectations of rapid growth and its efforts to puff up reported ea rnings to meet Wall Streets expectations.Role of Audit CommitteesCorporate audit committees usually meet just a few times during the year, and their members typically have only a modest background in accounting and finance. As outside directors, they rely extensively on information from management as well as internal and external auditors. If management is fraudulent or the auditors fail, the audit committee probably wont be able to detect the problem fast enough. Enrons audit committee had more expertise than many.But Enrons audit committee seemed to share the common mold of a few short meetings that covered huge amounts of ground. Enrons Audit Committee was in no position to second-guess the auditors on technical accounting questions related to the special purpose entities. Nor was it in a position to second-guess the validity of top management representations. However, the Audit Committee did not challenge several pregnant transactions that were primarily motivated by accountin g goals, was not skeptical about potential conflicts in related party transactions and did not require full disclosure of these transactions. (Healy Palepu, 2003)Role of External AuditorsEnrons auditor, Arthur Andersen, had been accused of applying lax standards in their audits because of a conflict of interest over the significant consulting fees generated by Enron. In 2000, Arthur Andersen earned $25 million in audit fees and $27 million in consulting fees. It is difficult to determine whether Andersens audit problems at Enron arose from the financial incentives to retain the company as a consulting client, as an audit client or both. However, the size of the audit fee alone is likely to have had an important impact on local partners in their negotiations with Enrons management. Enrons audit fees accounted for roughly 27% of the audit fees of public clients for Arthur Andersens Houston office.When the credit risks at the special purpose entities became clear, the auditors apparen tly succumbed to pressure from Enrons management and permitted the company to defer recognizing the charges. Two major changes in the 1970s in the legal system, created substantial pressure for audit firms to cut costs and seek alternative revenue sources. In response to the changes, the audit firms lobbied for mechanical accounting and auditing standards and developed standard operating procedures to overcome the variability in audits. This approach reduced the cost of audits and provided a defense in the case of litigation. But it also meant that auditors were more likely to view their line narrowly, rather than as matters of broader business judgment. Furthermore, while mechanical standards make auditing easier, they do not necessarily increase corporate transparency.Role of Fund ManagersInvestment caudex managers failed to recognize or act on Enrons risks because they had only modest incentives to demand and act on high-quality, long-term company analysis. These managers are typically rewarded on the basis of their relative performance. Flows into and out of a fund each quarter are driven by its performance relative to comparable funds or indices. If the manager reduces the funds holdings of Enron and the stock falls in the next quarter, the fund will show superior relative portfolio performance and will attract new capital. However, if Enron continues to perform well in the next few quarters, the fund manager will underperform the benchmark and capital will flow to other funds. In contrast, a risk-averse manager who simply follows the crowd will not be rewarded for foreseeing the problems at Enron, but neither will this manager be charge for a poor investment decision when the stock ultimately crashes, since other funds made the same mistake.Role of Accounting RegulationsMany U.S. accounting standards lam to be mechanical and in flexible. Clear-cut rules have some advantages, but the downside is that this approach motivates financial engineering desi gned specifically to circumvent these knife-edge rules, as is well understood in the tax literature. In accounting for some of its special purpose entities, Enron was able to design transactions that satisfied the letter of the law, but violated its intent such that the companys balance sheet did not reflect its financial risks.The Sarbanes Oxley cultivateIn 2002, President Bush passed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act into law to re-establish investor confidence in the integrity of corporate disclosures and financial reporting. The act was brought in as a result of the large number of corporate financial fraud cases (such as those of Enron, WorldCom, Tyco, Adelphia, AOL, and others) and by the end of the boom years for the stock market. The Act requires all public companies to submit both quarterly and annual assessments of the forte of their internal financial auditing controls to the Securities and Exchange Commission.Each companys external auditors must also audit and report on the inter nal control reports of management and any other areas that may affect internal controls. The companys principal executive officer and principal financial officer must personally certify that the financial reports are square and that everything has been disclosed. Many of the Acts provisions apply to all companies, United States and foreign. However, some provisions apply only to companies that have equity securities listed on an exchange or NASDAQ. firearm refocusing public company management on shareholder interests was the central purpose of the Sarbanes-Oxley corporate governance reform law, years later there are sharp disagreements on both sides as to whether the effort has been a success.Did it help?Considering foreign firms that listed on either New York or London exchanges in addition to their home markets between 1990 and 2006, the researchers found that those firms were six percent less likely to choose New York over London after Sarbanes-Oxley was implemented. This sugge sts that foreign executives, accustomed to laxer regulatory environments at home, were convinced that the acts deterrents against self-dealing and fraudulent accounting were serious. Those who criticize the Act claim that the Act is unnecessary and too expensive to implement. The most lovesome criticizers of the bill claim that not only has Sarbanes Oxley failed in its mission to ensure honest financial recordkeeping and disclosure but that it has also stifled new business development in the United States.Some criticizers point to the Madoff scandal as an example of the failure of the Sarbanes Oxley Act. Yet, not all analysts share in this type of criticism. Many analysts believe that more precise financial statements are now being prepared for public companies and that shareholders have greater confidence in their investments as a result of Sarbanes Oxley. In order for these benefits to be realized, however, the S.E.C. must ensure that all of the requirements of the Act are car efully and universally followed and that exceptions, such as those for certain accounting firms, are not permitted.Bibliography* Wikipedia. (2012, December 18). Enron Scandal. Retrieved December 26, 2012, from Wikipedia http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enron_scandal * Obringer, L. A. (n.d.). How cooking the books works? Retrieved December 26, 2012, from How Stuff Works? http//money.howstuffworks.com/cooking-books7.htm * Healy, P. M., Palepu, K. G. (2003). The Fall Of Enron. Journal Of Economic Persepectives , 9. * Investopedia. (n.d.). Mark to Market MTM. Retrieved December 26, 2012, from Investopedia http//www.investopedia.com/terms/m/marktomarket.aspaxzz2G9qt6COE * Li, Y. (2010). The Case Analysis of the Scandal of Enron. International Journal of Business and Management , 37-41.