The Friendship of Gilgamesh and Enkidu Essay -- The Epic of Gilgamesh,

The Epic of Gilgamesh is a historic bilgewater of the king of Uruk, Gilgamesh. The story depicts the short lived friendship of Gilgamesh and Enkidu. The story begins as Shamat the harlot seduces Enkidu and convinces him to go to the city of Uruk and meet Gilgamesh. From that moment on, the ii were very close. They planned a trip to the woods of cedar trees to defeat the monster known as Humbaba so that Gilgamesh could show his power to the citizens of Uruk. However, Enkidu tried vainly to dissuade (18) Gilgamesh in going to the forest. Despite Enkidus plead, the two continued on their voyage to the forest where Humbaba lives. Once they arrived, they found the monster and killed him. They cut down trees, then Enkidu builds a gigantic dooras a gift to Enlil. (44) Upon their arrival to Uruk, Ishtar the goddess of sex, love and warfare wanted to wed Gilgamesh. In spite of this, Gilgamesh did not feel the same and did not wish to marry her. Ishtar was so upset with the decision of G ilgamesh that she sent down the Bull of Heaven (50) to kill him. The bull ultimately met its demise when Gilgamesh and Enkidu killed it. Of all of the events that occurred, the gods were not pleased. After the bull was killed and the cedar trees were cut, Enkidu had to be seen by the gods in council. Thus, the decision that Enkidu must die because of these acts was established. (53) The death of his friend is unreal to Gilgamesh. Thorkild Jacobsen points out that it touches him in all its stark reality, and Gilgamesh refuses to believe it. (Thorkild Jacobsen, And expiration The Journeys End, 191)Gilgamesh goes on to seek eternal life. Death had never been a topic he had to deal with. Jacobsen explains, death, fear of death, has become an ob... ...ves after him. in that respect is a measure of immortality in achievement, the only immortality man can seek. (Jacobsen, 196)The whole reason Gilgamesh takes this journey to search for eternal life is due to the death of Enkidu, with who m he was close with. Before all of the events occurred, Gilgamesh had never thought about the topic of death. Its as if it never crossed his mind as though he would live forever. He went through phases along his journey. The first was not accepting reality, the second was fighting for eternal life, and the last was accepting reality. Now, his aspirations for immortality are no prolonged apparent as he enters the last stage.Works CitedThorkild Jacobsen, And Death the Journeys End The Gilgamesh Epic The Epic of Gilgamesh, trans. and ed. Benjamin R. Foster, A Norton Critical Edition, New York W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2001

The Electoral College System :: essays research papers

The Electoral College SystemYou walk in to the voting booth on the first Tuesday of November to cast your vote for who you think should be president. You take your ballot into the box believing, as most people do, that your vote leave alone be counted along with the rest of the population. You do this because you believe it could be the deciding vote for the presidential race. Well, you are wrong. Your vote only decides who the electors that join the Electoral College in December will be, but the elector can always change his or her vote. How can this be right? What happened to the idea of a democracy where every citizen had his or her vocalise?The Electoral College worked in the beginning because there were no political parties or political campaigns. During the next four presidential campaigns, political parties began to emerge in the united States. During the presidential election of 1800, 2 candidates from the same party received an equal number of votes. It took the House o f Representatives thirty-six tries to break the tie. The tiebreaker involved bribes and other political transaction that the Electoral College was designed to prevent. This all prompted the Twelfth Amendment to the Constitution in 1804.The Amendment requires that each Elector cast one vote for president and another vote for wrong president. If that system does not come up with a majority winner, then the House of Representatives selects the winner from the top three contenders. The U.S. Senate selects the vice president from the top two contenders if one candidate does not receive the majority vote. In a winner take all state if a candidate receives 51 portion of the vote, he automatically wins the electoral votes for the state. If that state happens to be California, he has won 54 of the 538 possible votes. That is 1/5th of the amount of votes needed to win the presidency. So, if a candidate won only ten of the states electoral votes, he can win the presidential race with place taking into account the other 40 states (Procedural). That is hardly not the way a democracy is supposed to work. I believe that it is time for the United States Government to start realizing that the campaign process is getting out of control. The majority of presidential candidates only want to win a states electoral votes. They do not concentrate on the smaller states.

The Ingenu Essay -- Essays Papers

The IngenuLe Connaissance Nouveau de LIngenuFrancios-Marie Arouets, assuming the pen-name of Voltaire, LIngenu is asatirical story that begins in 1689 when a ship of position merchants are comingto France to trade. This is when the Ingenu is first introduced. The Frenchare most intrigued by his appearance. Because of a picture believed to be thebrother and sister-in-law of the Abbe de Kerkabon and Mademoiselle de Kerkabon,the Kerkabons felt that they saw a resemblance and take him in as their nephew. This is only the beginning. With no set beliefs, the Huron condescends to live withthese people of France and is taught to live as they do. Under appearinglyunfortunate circumstances, he becomes immure and able to educate himself. He learns of the French society on a hands-on basis by feeling their cruelty. This Child of Nature symbolizes John Lockes livid tablet. The Ingenu, alsoknown as the Child of Nature, Becomes enlightened through his experiences withFrench society by ha ving no prior worldly knowledge of his own, existence taught bythe French, and disregarding everything they guide taught him to learn forhimself the lessons of French society.The Child of Nature comes into the French society with no worldly knowledge ofhis own or beliefs. He is a spontaneous, curious young Huron and is viewed asquite naive. The French feel that they can easily mold him into their society. All he has are his youthful fascinate looks, HE was hatless, and hoseless, andwore little sandals his head was graced with long plaits of hair and a shortdoublet clung to a trim and supple figure. He had a look about him that was atonce martial and gentle (Voltaire, 190) and an awkward manner of beingcourteous to the Kerkabons all with such a simple, natural air that brother andsister two were charmed (Voltaire, 190). When asked countless questions, thetravelers answer would be very much to the point (Voltaire, 191). Instead ofin a roundabout way in which was inevitable if their roles are to be reversed. The Huron did not turn a hair (Voltaire, 191). But does speak his mind whenthe questions were coming too fast. He simply and clearly tells them,Gentlemen, where I come from, people take it in turns to speak (Voltaire,191). Upon questioning him, they find out that he has no particular religion. He ... ...Doubtless he was the most appall and upset of all, but he hadlearned to add discretion to all the happy gifts which nature had showered uponhim, and a ready sense of what is proper was beginning to find inhim(Voltaire, 249). He has learned of the horrors of the world. He shares inon the radical views of the time. After all of his adventures, big and small,he comes to the conclusion that an ill wind blows nonentity any good(Voltaire,255).The Child of Nature becomes enlightened through his experiences with Frenchsociety by having no prior knowledge, being taught by the French, anddisregarding everything they have taught him to learn for himself t he lessons ofFrench society. He starts representing Lockes blank tablet which opens itselfto beliefs of any kind. This tablet is filled with the thoughts of the cruelFrench society. The Child of Natures enlightenment comes when he takes it uponhimself to erase the thoughts and beliefs on this tablet and fill it up with hisown. Voltaires LIngenu is just an example of a man becoming enlightened duringthe Age of Enlightenment. It classifies itself as a standard for other storiesof enlightenment.

Letter To The Editor About the Industrial Revolution :: essays research papers

To the EditorWorking conditions today ar usually good and pretty safe, right? Thats what we know, is that all factories are safe, that all of the laws are followed, and that everything is great. Look at what you are wearing today, maybe a jacket mad in the U.S., a t-shirt made in Malaysia, jeans made in Mexico, and socks made in China. To stay competitive, large companies contract out to manufacturers all over the world to buy at the lowest possible costs. This often ends in horrible raceing conditions for factory workers who make our clothing, both in other countries, and right here in the United States. I thought that the working conditions were dead fine here in the U.S. until my eyes were opened by the articles that I read on the internet and in books.In the beginning of the Industrial rotation had a considerable effect on the working conditions of workers. A large labor surplus guide to very low wages, and intense competition take down the profit boundaries of industrialis ts. Industries such as the cotton trade were especially hard for workers to endure long hours of labor. The workplace was very hot, and the steam engines contributed further to the heat. Workers were exposed to the touching parts of the machines while they worked. Children often had to move in between these dangerous machines while they worked because they were small enough to fit between the tightly packed machinery. This led to the kids being put in a great deal of danger, and the death rates were very high. Added to the dangers of the work was the length. It was common for workers to work 12 hours or more than a day. Exhaustion made the worker sluggish, which made the workplace even more dangerous.In 1819, the Factory Act was passed to limit the hours worked by children to a level best of 12 hours a day. Then in 1833 another Factory Act was passed that banned children under 9 from working in the textiles industry and 10-13 year olds bound to a 48-hour week. In 1844 yet anothe r was passed that set a maximum of 12 hours work per day for women. Then in 1847, that decreased to 10 hours work per day for women and children. The Factory Act of 1850 increased the hours worked by women and children to 10 hours a day, but they were not allowed to work before 6 am or after 6 pm.

Graduation Speech: This is Not the End :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

It sure took me a long time to get this far. At times I broadcast I wouldnt make it through high school because as I was growing up I would watch my older brother, Jason, struggling in school. I would think that if he was having trouble, then I would too. My Mom heard about Hall High and their different way of teaching, so she enrolled my brother. As time passed, his grades got unwrap and he quit skipping so much. So when I could, I enrolled in Hall, expecting this school to help me. It did I like Hall because of all the extra worry from the teachers. Everyone here is on a first name basis, and if I had a problem, they were by my side to help me. I could ask them anything, and they would guide me, steer me in the right direction. But the main thing I like about the teachers here at Hall is that they take time out of their way during or after school to help out me with my troubles ... and I have had a LOT of troubles. fib, for instance. I just couldnt see why I needed it. But, Pat , my History Teacher taught me that if you learn about the past, it helps enable you to predict the future and not keep making the same mistakes. If you know what has happened in the past (like concentration camps) we corporation help make sure that doesnt ever happen again. If you keep doing what youve always done, youll keep getting what youve always gotten. If you want to change, you have to do something different. There ar also many things Ive learned about myself here at Hall. Like, how to cope with my problems. Now I know how to work through them. Thanks Mary. Thanks Jane. Ive do many friends in this school, Friends that I hope to have for a lifetime. Not just the students, but teachers too. As I proceed in life, I plan on coming back and visiting all of you. All of you helped make me who I am today. George Matthew Adams said there is no such thing as a self-made man. We are made up of thousands of others. Everyone who has ever done a kind deed for us, or spoken one word of hike to us, has entered into the make-up of our character and of our thoughts.

Graduation Speech: This is Not the End :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

It sure took me a long time to get this far. At times I thought I wouldnt make it through high school because as I was growing up I would watch my older brother, Jason, struggling in school. I would speculate that if he was having trouble, then I would too. My Mom heard about Hall High and their different way of teaching, so she enrolled my brother. As time passed, his grades got better and he quit skipping so much. So when I could, I enrolled in Hall, expecting this school to tending me. It did I like Hall because of all the extra attention from the teachers. Everyone here is on a first name basis, and if I had a problem, they were by my side to help me. I could ask them anything, and they would guide me, steer me in the safe direction. But the main thing I like about the teachers here at Hall is that they take time out of their way during or afterwards school to help out me with my troubles ... and I have had a LOT of troubles. History, for instance. I just couldnt see why I n eeded it. But, Pat, my History teacher taught me that if you learn about the past, it helps enable you to predict the future and not keep making the same mistakes. If you know what has happened in the past (like concentration camps) we can help make sure that doesnt ever happen again. If you keep doing what youve always done, youll keep getting what youve always gotten. If you want to change, you have to do something different. There are to a fault many another(prenominal) things Ive learned about myself here at Hall. Like, how to cope with my problems. Now I know how to work through them. Thanks Mary. Thanks Jane. Ive made many friends in this school, Friends that I hope to have for a lifetime. Not just the students, but teachers too. As I proceed in life, I plan on coming back and visiting all of you. All of you helped make me who I am today. George Matthew Adams said there is no such thing as a self-made man. We are made up of thousands of others. Everyone who has ever done a ki nd deed for us, or spoken one word of encouragement to us, has entered into the interpret of our character and of our thoughts.

Obesity and Asthma

What Is bronchial asthma encounter flak attack? Asthma is a disease that affects your lungs. It is one of the around common long diseases of youngsterren, solely adults open bronchial bronchial asthma attack attack attack, in addition. Asthma causes repeated episodes of wheezing, tingelessness, chest tightness, and nighttime or early morning coughing. If you engage asthma, you get at a lower place ones skin it tout ensemble the time, but you will father asthma fill outs further when aroundthing twoers your lungs. In closely cases, we dont know what causes asthma, and we dont know how to cure it. We know that if psyche in your family has asthma, you ar as hale as to a greater extent likely to train it.You weed control your asthmaby knowing the warning signs of an attack, staying out-of-door from things that trigger an attack, and fol down in the mouthing the advice of your doctor or other medical maestro. When you control your asthma * you wont ha ve symptoms much(prenominal) as wheezing or coughing, * youll sleep better, * you wont miss work or direct, * you set up get into part in all fleshly activities, and * you wont have to go to the hospital. How Is Asthma Diag cuddled? Asthma potbelly be hard to diagnose, especially in tykeren younger than 5 eld of age.Regular physical checkups that implicate checking your lung usage and checking for allergies rat avail your doctor or other medical skipper make the right diagnosis. During a checkup, the doctor or other medical professional will want you questions somewhat whether you cough a lot, especially at night, and whether your recognize problems argon worse after physical activity or during a particular time of year. Doctors will similarly train about other symptoms, such as chest tightness, wheezing, and colds that last much than than 10 days.They will ask you whether your family members have or have had asthma, allergies, or other breathing problems, and they will ask you questions about your star sign. The doctor will also ask you about absent school or work and about any flap you whitethorn have doing certain activities. A lung function test, calledspirometry(spy-rom-e-tree), is a nonher way to diagnose asthma. A spirometer (spy-rom-e-ter) mea positive(predicate)s the largest amount of air you butt joint exhale, or breathe out, after taking a actually deep breath. The spirometer can mea convinced(predicate) airflow before and after you use asthma medicine.What Is an Asthma Attack? An asthma attack happens in your bodys airways, which ar the paths that carry air to your lungs. As the air moves through your lungs, the airways become smaller, like the branches of a tree ar smaller than the tree trunk. During an asthma attack, the sides of the airways in your lungs s headspring(p) and the airways shrink. Less air bulge outs in and out of your lungs, and mucus that your body produces clogs up the airways even much. The attack whitethorn bring in on coughing, chest tightness, wheezing, and trouble breathing. Some mickle call an asthma attack anepisode.What Causes an Asthma Attack? An asthma attack can occur when you argon exposed to things in the environment, such as house dust mites and tobacco smoke. These argon calledasthma triggers. Important Asthma Triggers On This Page * Environmental Tobacco wood pussy (Secondhand Smoke) * Dust Mites * alfresco Air Pollution * Cock lot Allergen * Pets * Mold * Wood Smoke * Other Triggers If you have asthma your airways always have some irritation. When you have an asthma attack this irritation gets worse and your airways close part way and get blocked with mucus.Asthma attacks may include coughing, chest tightness, wheezing, and trouble breathing. An asthma attack can occur when you ar exposed to things in the environment, such as house dust mites and tobacco smoke. These are calledasthma triggers. Your personal triggers can be very different from those of another person with asthma. Try to debar your triggers. Some of the most valuable triggers are listed down the stairs Environmental Tobacco Smoke (Secondhand Smoke) Environmental tobacco smoke is often calledsecondhand smokebecause the smoke created by a smoker is breathed in by a second person nearby.Parents, friends, and relatives of small fryren with asthma should try to stop take and should never smoke around a person with asthma. They should only smoke outdoors and not in the family home or car. They should not allow others to smoke in the home, and they should make sure their childs school is smoke-free. Dust Mites Dust mites are in almost everybodys homes, but they dont cause everybody to have asthma attacks. If you have asthma, dust mites may be a trigger for an attack. To encourage prevent asthma attacks, use mattress covers and pillowcase covers to make a barrier between dust mites and yourself.Dont use down-filled pillows, quilts, or comforters. Remove stuffed anim als and clutter from your bedroom. Outdoor Air Pollution Pollution caused by industrial emissions and automobile exhaust can cause an asthma attack. Pay attention to air quality forecasts on radio, television, and Internet and plan your activities for when air pollution levels will be low if air pollution aggravates your asthma. A good source of air quality teaching isEnviroFlash. Cockroach AllergenCockroaches and their droppings may trigger an asthma attack.Get rid of cockroaches in your home and grasp them from coming back by taking away their feed and water. Cockroaches are ordinarily found where aliment is eaten and crumbs are left behind. Remove as many water and food sources as you can because cockroaches aim food and water to survive. At least every 2 to 3 days, senselessness or sweep areas that might attract cockroaches. You can also use roach traps or gels to decrease the number of cockroaches in your home. PetsFurry pets may trigger an asthma attack. When a furry pe t is suspected of do asthma attacks, the simplest dissolver is to find the pet another home.If pet owners are too attached to their pets or are unable to locate a safe, new home for the pet, they should keep the pet out of the bedroom of the person with asthma. Pets should be bathed weekly and kept outside as much as possible. hoi polloi with asthma are not allergic to their pets fur, so trimming your pets fur will not sustain your asthma. If you have a furry pet, vacuum often to clean up anything that could cause an asthma attack. If your floors have a hard surface, such as wood or tile, and are not carpeted, split up mop them every week.MoldInhaling or breathing in mold can cause an asthma attack. Get rid of mold in all move of your home to help control your asthma attacks. Keep the humidity level in your home between 35% and 50%. In hot, humid climates, you may need to use an air conditioner or a dehumidifier or two. Fix water leaks, which allow mold to grow behind walls and under floors. Wood SmokeSmoke from burning wood is made up of a mix of noisome gases and small particles. Breathing in too much of this smoke can cause an asthma attack. Other TriggersInfections linked to influenza (flu), colds, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can trigger an attack. Sinus infections, allergies, breathing in some chemics, and acid ebb can irritate airways and trigger asthma attacks. Strenuous physical representative some medicines braggy weather, such as thunderstorms high humidity breathing in cold, dry air biomass smoke from burning grass or other vegetation and some foods and food additives can trigger an asthma attack. Strong activated states can also fade to hyperventilation and an asthma attack.Learn what triggers your attacks so that you can avoid the triggers whenever possible. Be alert for a possible attack when the triggers cannot be avoided. How Is Asthma do by? You can control your asthmaand avoid an attack by taking your medicine exactly as your doctor or other medical professional tells you to do and by avoiding things that can cause an attack. Not everyone with asthma takes the same medicine. Some medicines can be inhaled, or breathed in, and some can be taken as a pill. Asthma medicines come in two typesquick relief and long-term control.Quick-relief medicines control the symptoms of an asthma attack. If you need to use your quick-relief medicines much and more, you should visit your doctor or other medical professional to see if you need a different medicine. Long-term control medicines help you have less and milder attacks, but they dont help you if youre having an asthma attack. Asthma medicines can have side effects, but most side effects are mild and soon go away. Ask your doctor or other medical professional about the side effects of your medicines. The important thing to cogitate is thatyou can control your asthma.With your doctors or other medical professionals help, make your own asthma action plan ( management plan) so that you know what to do based on your own symptoms. Decide who should have a copy of your plan and where he or she should keep it. Take your long-term control medicine even when you dont have symptoms. Asthma carry out program People with Asthma Should Have an Asthma Action Plan All people with asthma should have anasthma action plan. An asthma action plan (also called a management plan) is a written plan that you uprisewith your doctorto help control your asthma.The asthma action plan shows your daily treatment, such as what kind of medicines to take and when to take them. Your plan describes how to control asthma long term AND how to handle worsening asthma, or attacks. The plan explains when to call the doctor or go to the emergency room. If your child has asthma, all of the people who superintend for him or her should know about the childs asthma action plan. These caregivers include babysitters and workers at daycare centers, schools, and camps. These c aretakers can help your child follow his or her action plan.Data and management Asthma Surveillance Data Asthma surveillance entropy includes collection of asthma data at both the national and the state level. National data is available on asthma prevalence, activity limitation, days of work or school lost, rescue and control medication use, asthma self-management education, physician visits, emergency subdivision visits, hospitalizations due to asthma, and deaths due to asthma from National Center for wellness Statistics (NCHS) visual modalitys and the Vital Statistics System.Asthma surveillance data at the state level include adult and child asthma prevalence from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) and in-depth state and local asthma data through implementation of the BRFSS Asthma take away Survey (ACBS). * Asthma Call-back Survey (ACBS) The ACBS is an in-depth asthma survey pay backed and funded by the Air Pollution and Respiratory Health Branch (APRH B) in NCEH. It is conducted with BRFSS survey respondents who propound an asthma diagnosis. The ACBS was piloted in three states in 2005 and has been conducted each year since.A majority of states participate in the ACBS each year. * Asthma Survey Questions Description of asthma survey instruments and their wording differences. * Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Prevalence Data BRFSS is a state-based, random-digit-dialed telephone survey designed to monitor the prevalence of the major behavioral risks among adults associated with premature morbidity and mortality. * FastStats FastStats provides quick access to statistics on topics of public health importance, including asthma. * National Health Interview Survey Prevalence DataNHIS is a multistage probability sample survey designed to solicit health and demographic study about the population, conducted annually with face-to-face interviews in a nationally spokesperson sample of households. Asthma and daily living * - Ast hma and get along - - Learn how to exercise without asthma symptoms - Learn More -Living day to day with well controlled asthma gist life as normal with a little extra thought and planning - Many asthma triggers are common things that may be around the home, so people often ask what they can change at home, or whatproductsmight help their asthma. For others its plants and pollens that cause them difficulties with asthma or allergies if thats you, read aboutasthma and allergy friendly gardens. If you find your asthma isworse at work accordingly there are some tips for your consideration.If you travel with work or plan a holiday, there are a few simple suggestions to help youmake the most out of your trip. - Having a healthydietand an fighting(a) lifestyleis an important part of living well. beover burthen, ingestor suffering fromstressor falling off can have a significant impact on your asthma. For most people with asthma, triggers are only a problem when their asthma is notwell -controlled. Research shows that for most people with well-controlled asthma, reducing motion-picture show to triggers doesnt reduce symptoms or reduce the risk of an asthma attack.With good treatment, most people do not need to change their lifestyle or environment just because they have asthma. However, it may be useful for you to identify triggers and reduce your moving picture to them if * you have troublesome asthma symptoms despite treatment * you need high doses of medication to keep your asthma symptoms under control, or * your asthma is much better when you are away from home Note Cigarette smoke is directly harmful to the airways and makes asthma worse, so exposure to cigarette smoke should be avoided by anyone who has asthma Obesity - Is it my weight or is it my asthma that is causing my symptoms? - Research into the link between increasing levels of obesity and asthma still hasnt come up with a certain(prenominal) answer. There is a have it awayd association between increasing body mass index (BMI) and increased levels of diagnosed or reported asthma in both children and adults, and its possible that there are other factors, e. g. genetic or environmental that may lead to both conditions. We do know that being round makes asthma a lot more of a problem. People who are obese are more likely to have asthma, to have more gross(a) asthma, and to need more medication to control it. - Obesity can lead to people being breathless and wheezy without having asthma, so its important that you get a proper diagnosis from your doctor. Once you have that, and the right medications, you should be able to increase your activity levels without getting too breathless, and start living an active life. - Why does obesity make asthma worse? * - Having a larger amount of fat on the body means theres more pushing onto and into the chest, so theres less room for the lungs to move. This causes the muscles around the airways to contract more, causing more asthma symp toms. * - Airways in obese people with asthma are more likely to stay closed in normal breathing, so theres less oxygen exchange able to happen. * -Obesity causes cosmopolitan inflammation in the body, which makes asthma symptoms worse. * - People who are obese are more likely to have problems with reflux and obstructive sleep apnoea (where you stop breathing while asleep), both of which can make asthma worse. * - There has been some suggestion in research studies that people who are obese might have less response to some asthma medications. The reason for this is not clear, and more research is needed to clarify this. - Will losing weight really help my asthma? - Losing weight can have a big impact on your asthma it can advance your symptoms and reduce your need for medication. In fact if you are overweight or obese, losing weight might have a greater impact on your asthma control than increasing medication. If you have asthma and are overweight or obese you should discuss weigh t control and healthy lifestyle with your doctor as part of your asthma management. -Rememberit is important that you dont change your medication without speaking with your doctor rootage. - Having a healthy lifestyle with regular activity and a equilibrate diet is important for everyone. Asthma and exercise * - Being active is an important part of life. Well controlled asthma means you shouldnt have to stop or restrict any of your normal activities. People with asthma should be able to participate in almost any sport or exercise, for example, going to the gym,swimming, and team sports. Although some people haveexercise induced asthma, many Olympic gold medals have been won by Australian athletes with asthma. Exercise is essential for people with asthma and can even help control asthma and reduce the amount of medication you need. Scuba divingis the only form of exercise that requires some special consideration for people with asthma. Asthma at work * - - Work-related and occupat ional asthma -Up to 15% of newly diagnosed asthma cases in adults are related to exposure to agents encountered at work and up to 3,000 cases of occupational asthma occur per year in Australia. If you experience asthma symptoms at work, and these symptoms improve when you are away from work, e. g. during holidays or on weekends, you may have what is called work-related or occupational asthma. Occupational asthma can occur in many types of workplaces, but is most commonly reported where people are working with dredge and isocyanates (chemicals which are found in paints as hardening agents). Work-aggravated asthma is different from occupational asthma, which occurs when there is sensitisation to a substance encountered at work. Work-aggravated asthma occurs when people who already have asthma are exposed to factors such as gases or fumes, smoke, dust or cold dry air which irritate the airways causing asthma symptoms to occur and make a pre-existing condition worse. - -What causes oc cupational asthma? - Over 4000 substances in the workplace (known as sensitisers) may cause asthma. reiterate exposure to these sensitisers over a period of time (usually years) may produce permanent asthma symptoms identical to non-occupational asthma. This usually takes weeks or years to develop. - - What are the symptoms of occupational asthma? -Symptoms include wheezing and coughing, shortness of breath and tightness across the chest. Often these symptoms will develop after irritation is noticed in the nose and eyes. Other workers may be affected or may have left the job because of these symptoms. - Symptoms may vary during the working week or shift. In the early stages of exposure, symptoms tend to improve when the worker is away from work. However, once the airways are sensitised, continued exposure even in small amounts can produce symptoms.Continued exposure may also lead to more symptoms and eventually to permanent asthma in some people. - - How do I know if I have occupat ional asthma? - If you suspect something is affecting your breathing at work, go and see your doctor. They will ask you questions about your symptoms and your work, and carry out tests such as aspirometry testto decide if you might have occupational asthma.They may also ask you to keep a diary of your symptoms to compare with your working hours. There is also a software program available which can automatically compare your peak flows with your working shifts. This can be downloaded free from theOasys website. - It can be very difficult to distinguish between true occupational asthma and work exacerbated asthma, and it may be necessary for your GP to refer you to a respiratory specialist with expertise in this area. Common sensitisers and occupations where workers may be exposedAgent Example occupations Wood dust (e. g. western red cedar, redwood, oak) Carpenters, builders, sawmill workers, sanders, model builders Isocyanates Automotive industry, mechanics, painters, adhesive worke rs, chemical industry, polyurethane foam workers Formaldehyde Cosmetics industry, embalmers, foundry workers, hairdressers, laboratory stave, medical personnel, paper industry, plastics industry, rubber industry, tanners Platinum salts Chemists, dentists, electronics industry,photographers, metallurgists Latex Health care workers, textile industry, toyManufacturers Flour nd grain dust Bakers, cooks, pizza makers, grocers, farmers, combine harvester drivers Animal allergens (e. g. urine, dander) Veterinary surgery workers, animal care workers, laboratory workers, jockeys, animal breeders, pet shop employees card adapted from Hoy, R. , Abramson, M. , Sim, M. (2010). Work related asthma. Diagnosis and management. Australian Family Physician, 39 (1/2), 39-42. What is the treatment for occupational asthma? Early diagnosis and management by removing any exposure to irritants in the workplace is the best way to treat occupational asthma and prevent it becoming a permanent condition.Otherw ise, treatment with the usual asthma inhalers is usually effective. Note Occupational asthma does not always mean having to leave your workplace, as workplace strategies can be developed. For example, if exposure cannot be minimised or ceased, then employers must provide adequate respiratory protection and/or substitute the irritant substance with a known non-irritant. This is a part of Occupational Health and Safety requirements. More information is available from your State or Territory Workcover authority www. workcover. (insert your state). gov. u If you develop asthma symptoms at work, or your existing asthma gets worse, it is essential that you visit your doctor for tests and an accurate diagnosis. If you did not already have a diagnosis of asthma and/or a written Asthma Action Plan, then this should be provided to you. What if I only had temporary symptoms? If you have inhaled a high dose of a substance that causes damage to the airways, possibly as part of an industrial acci dent or spillage, you may temporarily experience breathlessness and wheeze similar to asthma. This is called Reactive Airways Dysfunction Syndrome (RADS).Symptoms usually occur at heart 24 hours of a single exposure to very high concentrations of a chemical spill, irritant gases, corrosive mists or solvent vapours. Usually, symptoms will gradually improve as your airways heal, but occasionally workers can be left with permanent symptoms. It is very important to have a medical check if this does happen, and to make sure your work environment is safe. Smoking * - Smoking and exposure to smoke (passive smoking) can damage your lungs, and stop them from working properly. People with asthma who smoke have more frequent asthma attacks, have more spartan asthma, and are more likely to be admitted to hospital. The type of inflammation in the airways that is caused by smoking means they dont respond as well to preventer medication, and so need higher doses to control their asthma. - Asthm atic children who are exposed to cigarette smoke are more likely to have poor asthma control and more likely to need admission to hospital.Smoke exposure in the car is especially bad and opening the windows does not help. - Smoking has two main effects on the airways - 1) Increases mucus - more mucus-producing cells and glands grow in the airway walls - damages and reduces parts of the airways that help to clear mucus - 2) Damages the airways - chemicals in cigarette smoke destroy lung tissue and also make the airways less elastic and therefore more change - causes inflammation in the airways - If I quit smoking will my lung function really improve? - Everybodys lung function tends to gradually decrease as they age, but the lung function of people who smoke decreases much faster than normal. If you stop smoking, this rate will go back to normal.This means that although the damage done to your airways by smoking cannot be fixed, its never too late to quit no matter how long you h ave smoked for. - Is smoking around children really harmful? - Children are more vulnerable to the bad effects of cigarette smoke. - If a pregnant woman smokes, or a young child is exposed to smoke, the child is at a much greater risk of developing asthma-like symptoms in early childhood.Babies of smoking mothers are four times more likely to develop wheezing illnesses before the age of one. Even if you go outside to have a cigarette, particles can still be present on you when you return indoors, so although its better than smoking near your child, it may still affect them in the long term. - Other health issues - Around 15-20% of people who smoke develop permanent lung disease (COPD), and smoking increases the risk of many other health issues stroke, heart disease, high blood pressure, and cancer are just a few. Quitting smoking is difficult, and most people make several attempts before they quit for good. Diet and vitamin/mineral supplements and asthma * - There are many theories about how diet can play a role in the management of asthma. Studies have been done but some have not been well designed and although they provide directions for upcoming research, specific conclusions are not easily drawn from the data collected. Reliable data on specific vitamins and minerals is also not available.We do not advocate the routine use of vitamin and mineral supplements as part of asthma management. It is important to discuss any supplements you want to take with your doctor or pharmacist as some supplements caninteractwith other medication you are taking. Note Some vitamin and mineral supplements can have detrimental health effects or are toxic if taken in high doses. - - Will a diet change help my asthma? -Everybody should have a healthy balanced diet, which includes a mix of * - fresh fruit * - fresh vegetables * - tilt * - lean meats * - whole grains * - low fat dairy products, and * - healthy fats. -Calorie control is also important, as beingoverweightcan have a significant impact on asthma symptoms and control. Food is rarely a trigger for asthma. Read more aboutfood as a trigger for asthma. Some people have specificfood allergywhich can have similar respiratory symptoms, and they need to avoid their known food allergens. If you have a serious food allergy, you should also read aboutanaphylaxis. Do not restrict entire food groups without premiere consulting a dietitian who can help identify if any food restrictions are necessary.Note The belief that milk increases problems with mucus for people with asthma is false. Dairy products are an important part of any diet. However, some people do have specific dairy intolerance (or allergy), which can cause symptoms in the nose, throat and ears. pick up our section onfood and asthmafor more information on food allergies. - - Specific Supplements - Magnesium and Selenium -Magnesium (in those people low in magnesium) and sou-east supplements have been shown to have a potentially positive effect on asthma symptoms, though they dont affect breathing capacity. - Fish crude (EPH/DHA) - Most trials of adding fish oil to the diet of people with asthma found that their asthma was not improved. However there is some evidence that dietary postscript with fish oil can reduce the severity ofexercise-induced asthmain those with mild to moderate persistent asthma.This has led to better lung function and reducedrelieveruse. Eating fish at least once a week is an important part of a balanced diet. - Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) - There is not decorous information for or against using Vitamin C supplementation to improve asthma. Generally trials of the vitamin have been small, varied and not well reported. Larger and better designed studies are required. - Probiotics -Probiotics are live organisms that can be taken as a supplement to alter the types of bacteria that naturally live in your gut. The more commonly used probiotics include Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. Many people know t hese as acidophilus supplements. Probiotics such as lactobacillus have not been shown to be effective in improving asthma. - Folic Acid - Folic acid is recommended for women to take before and during the early stages of pregnancy.This significantly reduces the chance of a baby developing neural tube defects such as spina bifida, and it is also thought to play an important role in brain development. However recent research has shown that women who took folic acid supplements throughout their whole pregnancy increased their risk of having a child with asthma by about 30%. Folic acid from natural sources such as green leafy vegetables had no increased risk. It is recommended that folic acid supplements are taken only for the first 16 weeks of pregnancy, unless advised otherwise by their doctor. Stress * -A tear-jerking movie, a fight with your partner, the stress of work related deadlines or even a joyous reunion can leave some people with asthma gasping for air. Strong emotions like fear, stress or even laughter can sometimes lead to increased asthma symptoms. - Children can easily be affected by high levels of emotion. From fits of giggles to screaming tantrums the effects on their asthma can be similar. - - How can I stop stress from affecting my asthma? While it is impossible to eliminate emotional stress from your life, you can learn to reduce the effect and recognise potential symptoms that may need somereliever medication. * - Be aware of the things, events or people that add stress to your life, and work at how you respond to them so you remain calmer * - Acknowledge the feelings you are having this is a technique that can be effective in reducing their impact * -If you can, remove yourself from stressful situations * - Find shaping and positive ways to reduce your anger, anxiety or fear * - Learn more about your asthma take an active role in caring for yourself and staying in control * - Exercise. Its a great way to let off steam, and is good for yo u as well -Life can be a rolling wave coaster of emotions so the best thing to do is to be prepared as much as you can, and along with appropriate asthma medication you cantake control of your asthma. - So next time youre going to see that adrenalin pumping movie or have an experience that gets the tears rolling, make sure youve got yourreliever medicationwith you just in case. Depression and asthma * - Research has shown that there is a link between depression and asthma. In fact, having severe asthma more than double the risk of developing epression. Around 1 in 5 women and 1 in 8 men will experience depression in their life, and these numbers are even higher in people with asthma. As with other chronic illnesses, research shows that having severe asthma more than doubles the risk of developing depression. - What is depression? - Depression is a serious health condition, not just a low mood. People with depression can have trouble doing normal activities, and it can have serious effects on mental and physical health. -How can depression and asthma affect each other? * - Having both depression and asthma worsens health more than either condition alone. * - Having depression makes it less likely that people will be treated for asthma effectively. This may be because of poor memory and problem-solving skills with a shortened attention, making it harder to recognise the need to get medical help. * - People with depression have trouble concentrating or staying motivated.This may make them less likely to get help with their asthma, keep appointments and take medication. * - Having uncontrolled asthma can make it harder to join in with fun activities such as playing sport or other recreational activities. This can make people with depression further isolated and low in motivation. * - Stress can be atriggerfor both asthma and depression. - How do I know if Im depressed? -There are different checklists on theBeyondBlue National Depression Initiative websiteyou can check to get a better idea if you or someone you know may have symptoms of depression. Depression is more than just stress and needs proper diagnosis by a health professional. You should talk to your doctor to learn more and get correct treatment. - What can I do? - Both depression and asthma can be treated, but first need to be treasure and diagnosed by a health professional.There are a number of treatments for depression, both therapy and medication-based. It is important to have a treatment plan that monitors both the symptoms of depression and asthma in order to find the treatment that works best for you. Some things you can do yourself include * - Learn relaxation techniques. * - Get your asthma wellcontrolledso you can take part in activities without being limited by your symptoms. * - Learn as much as you can about both conditions. - Get help and support from family and friends. * - Visit a doctor regularly to review both your asthma and your depression. Travel * - Make sur e you have enough medication and the right equipment before you travel - Whether youre taking a holiday or a work trip, changes in routine, location, weather, temperature, pollution (especially bushfires during summer in Australia) and unknown allergens may produce unexpected asthma symptoms.Following these tips will help maintain good asthma control and an asthma friendly time away which is enjoyable and worry-free. - - Visit your doctor before you go * - Have a check-up before you go away to make sure your day-to-day asthma isunder control, that you have enoughmedications, and youretaking them the right way. * - Make sure your writtenAsthma Action Planis up to date. - If youre going overseas, its a good idea to get your doctor to write a letter stating the history and severity of your asthma as well as a list of your medications (using the generic brand name) and delivery devices. Carry this letter with you at all times in case of an emergency. You may need to present this report to customs in other countries if questioned about carrying medication. - - Your medications * -Take extra medication in your baggage. * - Keep your normal day-to-day medication with you in your carry-on bag (in case luggage gets lost). * - Take prescriptions in case you lose your medication, or to prove it is for your own personal use. - - Your equipment * - Aspacerdevice is portable, inexpensive and is just as effective (and a etter choice for travelling) than anebuliser. * - If you do need a nebuliser, remember other countries may have different power points and voltages, so youll either need an adaptor, or a battery powered portable version. Youll also need to talk to the airline before you come along if youre likely to need to use your nebuliser on board the aircraft. * - If you normally use apeak flow metertake it with you. Before you travel you should know what your normal peak flow is when you are well . - Be prepared plan well * - Carry your mobile phone with you (as well as your reliever puffer) and if you go somewhere on your own, tell someone where you are going. * - Make sure you know the emergency phone number for the country you are visiting. * - Make sure your travel insurance covers the cost of health care that stems from pre-existing asthma. - Travel to high altitudes is okay as long as your asthma is well controlled at sea level. * - For your own general health and safety, before going overseas always check your destination onwww. smartraveller. gov. au - Most importantly, enjoy your trip, relax, and dont let your asthma stop you Being active with Asthma Are you considering training for a fun run? Endurance running is more likely to trigger asthma symptoms than other more stop-start sports and activities.Many of these events are either held in the cooler months or require training during cooler weather so the cold dry air can be a trigger for many people with asthma. Generally, the colder and drier the air, the more severe the symptoms. If air is warm and moist, asthma symptoms will tend to be less of a problem. Its always important to be prepared when youre training and taking part in any form of sport or activity. Its important to ensure that your day to day asthma is generally well controlled and you have an up to date written Asthma Action Plan.If your asthma is well controlled with preventer medication, you may not experience symptoms during or after the run. There are a few ways you can reduce the risk of an asthma attack when doing a fun run * Ensure that you take your preventer medication regularly as prescribed * Make sure you train for the event so you are fit and able * Warm up- spend about 15 minutes doing some gentle activity such as a series (6-8) of brief (30 second) sprints * Carry your blue reliever puffer with you at all times.If advised by your doctor it may be useful to use it 5 -10 minutes before starting to run * Pace yourself start out steadily and youll get further than if you expend all your energy in the first few minutes * Consider wearing a collar up around your mouth and nose to help warm and moisten the air you breath in and out * Drink regular water during the run to stay well hydrated * If you have cold or flu symptomsdo nottaking part this can increase your risk of having asthma problems whilst you are running or, after the race * Slowly cool down spend about 10 minutes (similar to warm-up) doing lighter activities after the race.Keep in mind that whilst some people experience symptoms during exercise, the airway narrowing induced by exercise classically occurs after exercise. Be aware of this, cool down and use your reliever medication if this occurs. Well controlled asthma shouldnt stop anyone from taking part in events such as fun runs. Being active is an essential part of a healthy lifestyle, so take control of your asthma and get involved. Children and asthma * - Young children with asthma - - Looking for more information about asthma medications for you ng children? Learn More - Asthma in young children is one of the most common causes of hospital admission and visits to the doctor in this age group. - However it is not easy todiagnose asthma in children under 5 years oldas there are many reasons for wheezing and coughing at that age. - Once diagnosis is decided, often treatment is with trials of different doses of medication. Parents often ask about whether changes to a childsbeddingordietis needed. -The aim of good asthma management is to ensure that children can lead a normal healthy life, while taking only as muchmedicationas is needed to keep them well, and avoidasthma attacks. - Children can also spend periods of time away from home. It is important that the people around your child are aware if they have asthma, and know how to recognise symptoms and what to do in an emergency. Parents can provide friends and family with a copy of their childsasthma action planandasthma first aidinformation to help them be prepared. - Child rens servicesandschoolsplay an important role in supporting children with asthma, and they can also access resources andtrainingto help them. Asthma at SchoolAsthma affects around 1 in 9 school aged children. This means that in an average classroom there will be at least 3 students with asthma. Schools and staff can work together with the wider school community to provide a healthy and safe educational environment for students with asthma. Student health and safety are essential in schools to allow all students to achieve their best. How does asthma affect students? Asthma is a leading cause of absenteeism in school students, which in severe cases can cause them to fall behind in their work. Asthma symptoms commonly occur overnight, which can mean a lack of sleep for the student, leading to a reduced ability to concentrate in class.Students can also show signs of worsening asthma, especially after vigorous exercise, and may have an asthma attack while at school, which requires an i mmediate response. Whose responsibility is it? Responsibility for the management of a students asthma is shared. Parents should * Inform the school that their child has asthma * append sufficient information and equipment to school staff to allow them to support the child at school * Advise if there has been a change in the childs health, or in their medical management * Ensure the child has their reliever medication with them each day at school See breeding for parents of school-aged kids with asthma. Schools should Encourage parents to provide up to date information about their child with asthma * Enable and encourage staff to attend training and obtain information about asthma and how to manage an asthma emergency * Ensure sufficient equipment is available and accessible for use in an emergency * Have policies that support the staff to act appropriately and effectively in an asthma emergency, including during off-site activities * Allow students to access (or carry with them) th eir reliever medication at all times, unless the child is too young to be responsible for using their medication appropriately SeeAsthma Friendly Schoolsfor more information about how schools can support kids with asthma. Teachers and school staff can get freeAsthma Trainingandteaching resources. Students should * Take their regularpreventermedication (generally taken at home in the mornings and/or evenings) as advised by their doctor * Know how to recognise when their asthma is getting worse and what to do * Carry reliever medication with them at all times * Tell their friends that they have asthma, and what to do if they have an asthma attack * If youve recently been diagnosed with asthma, or you think you or a member of your family might have asthma, then you need to get some basic facts.Find outwhat causes asthma, andwhat happensin your airways to causeasthma symptoms. Get an explanation of the process fordiagnosis, including tests that can be done. bristle an understanding of whattriggersare around you, and what sort ofseasonal issuesmight affect your asthma. Its also common for people with asthma to have otherrelated conditions, such asallergies,hayfever,eczemaand evenCOPD. We also have anasthma dictionaryto explain commonly used asthma terms. * Once youve got all that information, you might want to go and have a look themanaging asthma section, where you can find out aboutmedications, and how you cantake controlof your asthma. http//www. asthmafoundation. org. au

Families Are Not as Close as They Used to Be Essay

With divorce rates and family breakdowns increasing globally, it is generally accepted that families today ate not as close as they utilise to be. Discuss the causes of this prblem and offer some possible solutions to it.Divorce rates were increasing faster than few decades ago, it is not a rare thing that happens in insouciant life. M both families assume to change to previous life and to adjust the inconveniences. In the essay, I intend to discuss the relevant reasons behind this phenomenon.Chief among these causes is the modern lifestyle. Since the fiscal stresses are heavier than past years, parents need to have a double-income to support their family, which will help them to get a better quality of life. Admittedly, it is very difficult to have a sufficient education under parentless environment. They are departed from their parents most of times. Without a doubt, they feel alienated and have to face the time organism alone. Another contributing reason is the ways of entertai nment have been changed to internet related activities, which only involved single player.In order to resolve this problem, I believe we must first address its root causes. If one of parents can have more time to stay at home and to take attending of their children, they will feel less alienated. In the situation of receiving the incentive from government, one of parents could fully education their children and dont need to worry about the fiscal constrains. Yet, the incentive might not bring as much compensation as the income from working does. Parents could at least remain the fundamental quality of the life, at the same time, to soften the hardship of their family. One further measure would be to promote more interact leisure activities from local government and thorough any public efforts.In the conclusion, I believe that it is a clear problem of such complex that no solution in a short term. However, I believe the measure outlined above will lay a good basis to start.

State and Local Government Essay

What is Federalism?The United States has one of the roughly complicated forms of giving medication in the world. With many levels and subdivisions, this form of governing body is c anyed nationalism. Within the United States, federalism is marked by a continuous change in the system of connections between the national, state, and local anaesthetic governments. At times, the different levels of government move independently and at other times, the levels became so entangled that it becomes impossible to tell apart the responsibilities of one from the other. Federalism is just one of the three main systems of forefinger utilise by the United States.There be two ways, other than pure federalism, to organize power among national and regional governments. Pure federalism is in like manner known as a federal system. In a federal system, the commutation and regional governments argon divided in power and responsibilities, and the governments do not depend on each other for their power. Voters elect candidates into both the regional and central levels within a federal system allowing the United States to have a representative government, pith that people elect representatives to legislate on their behalf. another(prenominal) system of government is the unitary system. In a unitary system, power is concentrated in the central government.The central government then grants special powers to the regional governments. Voters elect people into the central government and then the central government assigns people to the regional governments. Frances government is an example of a unitary system. The third system of government is the confederal system or confederacy. In a confederacy, power is concentrated to a greater extent in the regional governments than the central government. Voters elect people into the independent regional governments and then these independent regional governments grant legal authority to the central government. An example of a confederal system would be the Confederate States of America.The federal system describes the system of power that the United States has. This means that the regional governments (states and localities) and the central (national) government atomic number 18 independent equals. Because of this, thefederal system allows for these regional governments to experiment with policy. These experimental acts by the regional governments give them the label of laboratories of democracy.However, for some years now, federalism has been linked with the concept of devolution. Devolution is the process of powers and responsibilities organism taken from the national government and given to the state governments, which clearly goes against the independent equals composition in federalism because states are gaining more power. This could be a result of the states abusing their power of experimenting with policy. Although states might abuse their power of experimenting, the actual practice of experimenting is co nsidered an advantage.Experimenting is one of the many advantages of federalism. Federalism allows for flexibility among state laws and institutions as well as reduces complications because the states are able to conform to citizens interests, which is shown by how much easier trade is now. Another advantage of federalism is that it enables the achievement of national goals, which is shown when the goal of creating an interstate highway system was achieved in the 1950s. Although federalism is practiced of advantages, it comes with a price.Unfortunately, federalism increases complexness and confusion, which could be a great inconvenience for people. Federalism can cause confusion between state and federal governments because of the vagueness of the exact division of powers among them. Federalism promotes the duplication of efforts and the reduction of accountability. It also makes it difficult to coordinate, which is shown when police or fire departments in different cities or stat es cant communicate with each other. This was clearly shown during the Three Mile Island shot that almost caused a huge catastrophe. Another drawback would be that federalism creates inequality in services and policies. Federalism is not a perfect ideal, still rather it plays host to a balance of both advantageous and disadvantageous outcomes.The Federal Emergency Management Agency, also known as FEMA, is a classic example of how federalism shapes policy. In assay to aid in the reprieve for hurricane Katrina, FEMA was unsuccessful in their efforts. They were notable to communicate with state and local governments and coordinate procedures in providing relief. However, during hurricane Sandy, FEMA provided great help and relief for people because they were able to efficiently communicate and coordinate proper procedures. This shows how coordination can go from bad to good because of the resiliency of FEMA in federalism.Federalism in the United States has a Constitutional base. Th e Constitution grants powers to the different levels of government. Enumerated powers are grants of authority that are explicitly given to the federal government, meaning that they are written in the Constitution. One of the most important pieces in the Constitution is the national supremacy clause, which states that federal law takes precedence over all other laws. This allows the process of the federal government prevailing areas regulated by state law, called preemption. Exclusive powers are also another set of powers stated in the Constitution. These are powers given solely to the federal government. The powers of creating and upholding an soldiers and navy, declaring war, and regulating commerce are all exclusive powers. Education is run by the states because running education is not stated as an exclusive power. Another set of powers stated in the Constitution are concurrent powers.Concurrent powers are powers that are shared by both the federal and state governments. The duty to tax, borrow, and spend are all powers that can be exercised by the federal and state governments. Implied powers are another set of powers given to the federal government by means of the Constitution. These powers are broad, but undefined, powers that were essentially created on the idea that not all powers could possibly be listed to meet the needs of the developing nation. These include the everyday wellbeing clause, the necessary and proper clause, and the interstate commerce clause. The general welfare clause gives relative the authority to provide for the general welfare.The necessary and proper clause gives Congress the right to pass any law that they think is necessary and proper to help in carrying out the responsibilities of the federal government as they are defined in the Constitution. The interstate commerce clause gives Congress the right to regulate interstate commerce. These clauses have been broadly interpreted which, in result, has been giving Congress m ore and more impliedpowers.While the Constitution has been shifting more power into the hands of Congress, there isnt much stated for the state governments. It does, however, state the full faith and credit clause. This clause requires that states recognize each others public records and acts, meaning that contract, wills, and marriages that are valid in one state are all valid in all other states. In essence, this clause is the financial backbone of state and local government. Another clause that was stated in the Constitution for state purposes is the privileges and immunities clause. Under this clause, states are prohibited from discriminating against the citizens of other states.The Bill of Rights was also something put into the Constitution to promote individual and state rights by limiting the power of the federal government. The Tenth Amendment addresses the power of the states. It guarantees a broad and undefined set of powers be reserved for only the states and people. The Fourteenth Amendment also deals with specifying the powers of states. This amendment makes it so that the states cannot deprive individuals of the rights and privileges of citizenship and it also requires states to provide due process and equal protection guarantees. The Constitutional basis for federalism in the United States is a big part of its government.Federalism is not a cut and dry system, however. There are many different types of federalism. One of these types is dual-federalism. It is the idea that federal and state governments have powers and responsibilities that are separate and different. Dual-federalism is the substance between nation-centered federalism and state-centered federalism nation-centered federalism being the belief that the nation is the basis of the federal system and that the national government should take superiority over the states, and state-centered federalism is the exact opposite. Advocates of states rights agree with the pressure theory and be lieve in a government for the states.Whoever advocates states rights believes that states should be able to make their own decisions without any interference from the federal government. The compact theory is the idea that the Constitution represents an agreement among the sovereign states to form a common government. Ittook the practice of nullification to an extreme back during the 1820s and 1830s. Eventually, national policies kept upsetting the southern states in the U.S. and that led to secession arguments. The concept that it is impossible for state and federal governments to have different and separate jurisdictions and that both those federal and state governments must work unneurotic is called cooperative federalism. Cooperative Federalism comes in different forms as well.The first form of cooperative federalism is story Cake Federalism. This form of federalism consists of delineated lines that separate federal, state, and local governments. Layer Cake Federalism is rarel y used. The second form of cooperative federalism is Marble Cake Federalism. In Marble Cake Federalism, federal, state, and local governments are so thoroughly complicated with each other that they are impossible to separate from each other.This form of federalism is more common in the United States. The third form of cooperative federalism is discoverer Fence Federalism or centralized federalism. Centralized federalism is the concept that the federal government should take the leading role in setting national policy, with state and local governments helping to implement the policies. Centralized federalism has shifted power from the states to federal government. The power shift can be seen through grants given to the state governments by the federal governmentThe federal government supplies many different forms of grants-in-aid. The first form is a categorical grant, which is money given for specific programs, leaving the state and local governments with detailed discretion on h ow to spend it. The second form of a grant-in-aid is a general revenue sharing grant. These grants come with few constraints and they leave the state or locality with almost complete discretion over how they want to spend the money. All grants given by the federal government come with constraints crosscutting requirements.Crossover sanctions are federal requirements that mandate the grant recipients to pass and implement certain laws or principles as a condition of receiving the fund. Sometimes the federal government issues action-requiring direct orders to the states and localities but dont provide any financial support for that action. Theseorders are called unfunded mandates. These grants have all helped in shifting power from the state governments to the federal governments, but there has been a new form of federalism that has been shifting power back to the state governments.This form of federalism is called new federalism. New federalism is the belief that states should receiv e more power and authority and less money from the federal government. Block grants were the type of grants that were preferred in new federalism. They are federal grants-in-aid that are given for general policy areas and leave states and localities with wide discretion on how to spend the money within the designated policy area. Unlike new federalism, ad hoc federalism is a form of government that could differ from time to time.Ad hoc federalism depends on the issue at hand. It is the process of choosing a state-centered or nation-centered view of federalism on the basis of political or tendencious convenience. In other words, ad hoc federalism can be swayed either towards the states or towards the federal government by whichever party has the dominant hand in Congress. The Bush-era was exposit as entering the United States into ad hoc federalism. This type of federalism is not definitive.To sum things up, federalism cannot be described in one single sentence. Federalism has its ins, outs, ups, downs, and can be all over the place. Federalisms many forms are what make this system of government unique and different from the others. It has taken the United States into some fortunate and some not-so-fortunate times. It is a complicated concept that will continue to change as the United States advances even further into the future.

Expressionism

I drove to SST Louis with a couple of friends on a warm day ND when we got to the ml_Assure, all I could say was WOW. Is this a white house replica kind of a building asked one of my friends. It was so beautiful, never seen or shake off never been in a building so huge like that. It was quite an honor and would have something to share with people back in Africa. I might not have been a big fan of craft but since that day all has changed. We went in and were given a museum map to locate specific areas we wanted to visit. advanced art section was our main priority.We took the elevator to the upper level of the museum w present modern art painting was displayed. We walked around sections 327, 335, 334 and 333. The painting that mostly caught my attention was that of Marc Chloral, a cut man innate(p) in 1887 and died in 1985. The Temptation painting was painted by Marc the cubist in 1912. He painted Adam and Eve flanking the channelise of knowledge. He painted Eve as a green figure holding the forbidden fruit that she was about to offer Adam, who poses in blissful ignorance of the consequences to come.The cubism sentiment of split face up allows Eve to look at both the apple and its destination. Marc paints this picture in relations to what we have always been reading bout in the bible. He also painted animals around staring at them, he did this to really denominate and tell how the fruit changed the world today. Another painting unspoilt on the other wall on my left as I turned to my left, there hanged an amazing piece of art called the blue Mandolin, 1 930 by George Baroque. He was a French man born in 1882 but died in 1963.He used oil painting with sand on canvas. This painting looked so real unlike the ones I saw in class on slideshows. He used a paint comb that created imitation wood molecule to which he added a heavy application of sand in order to set off the eel effects of texture against artificial ones. The use of sand here really gives this pa inting a very strong texture. I even felt like I could touch it but could not do so. He conveys his love for music here by painting the blue mandolin very closer to the eye.As moved around exploring the beauty Of art, then came across the Picasso painting of his wife. Pablo was a Spanish cubist born in 1881 and he died in 1973. His painting of a seated woman dated July 1 953 portraits his lover Francoise Gilt. He shows of his skills and natural exploration of pubis by using facets of creamy grays, whites, pinks, and browns form mosaic of color and tone across the body of Francoise. In this painting the young womans face contains a strong right profile as well as a left eye that gazes forward.He also uses a dark background to show the viewers exactly what his painting is all about. The painting looks more like 3 dimensional because of the use of mosaic concept. Its really one of the greatest pieces of art by Pablo Picasso. As was walking around I then saw this other two paintings th at looked like I child was playing With a paint brush, but as I paid more attention to them hen I realized how some people were talented. These were paintings by Emil Molded, a German born in 1867 but died in 1956.

Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen Analysis Essay

IntroductionIn the fiction Pride and Prejudice Jane Austen identifies the key components of successful marriage love, tolerance, fallion and financial stability. The whole novel is written to underscore the importance of marriage which shouldnt be based on social status, wealth or affection of the youth.For her time the author was very radical as she strongly defended marriage for love, whereas in those times it was prestigious to marry for financial stability and social status. Through her characters Elizabeth, Mrs. Bennet and Mr. Darcy she shows the right and wrong attitudes towards the ideal marriage. Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy consist true love and true relationships, whereas Mrs. Bennet is motivated only by wealth when she decides to get her beloved daughters married. Through characters Austen makes readers believe that love and happiness trampt be bought.Character AnalysisMrs. Bennet is characterized as a miraculously tiresome character. Moreover, she is frivolous and too foolish. Mrs. Bennet is an irritating woman who becomes haunt with idea to get her daughters married simply to improve her financial stability and social status as after her husbands death she has been refused received social entertain handsts. She cares for nothing in the world except money. Austen is willing to show that Mrs. Bennet does lack sense of virtue and property, and, what is more awful, she is not interested in intellectual and emotional education of her five daughters.Mrs. Bennet affects the attitudes of her younger daughters Lydia and Charlotte Lucas towards marriage. Mrs. Bennet is very pleased when Lydia gets married to an officer and she never reproaches her for shameful behavior. However, she cant be blame as she was married only for beautiful appearance and she didnt see another life. I think the author introduces Mrs. Bennet to shine up the necessity of marriage for young ladies.In contrast to Mrs. Bennet the author introduces the character of Elizabeth to sh ow true virtues and necessity of love and happiness. Elizabeth is the most quick-witted and intelligent. Moreover, Elizabeth is clever, attractive and brilliant. Her positive character traits enable her to rise above shameful conduct of her mother and sisters. Elizabeth is strong bounteous to overcome all difficulties and to get married for love, not for financial stability or higher social status.Elizabeth is entailed with sharp tongue and ability for hasty judgments. She is the only character who manages to make Darcy love her for personality and who overcomes the ability of diagonal My feelings will not be repressed. You must allow me to tell you how ardently I admire and love you. (p.35) We see that Elizabeth has pride in her abilities to take out herself and to perceive the truth.Mr. Darcy is one more positive character in the novel who overcomes prejudice and finds his true love Elizabeth. Mr. Darcy is a wealthy aristocrat being exceedingly conscious of class difference s. Nevertheless, he has sense of virtue and honor. Firstly, he is not interested in Elizabeth saying that she is tolerable but not handsome enough to tempt me and I am in no humour at present to give consequence to young ladies who are slighted by other men. (p.13)However, with novel progression his character transforms and he recognized his faults of prejudice and pride. His character affects the novel as, despite high social status and wealth, he manages to overcome prejudice and to show that marriage should be based on love. He proves that a man should love women for her intelligence and personality, not only for beautiful appearance.ConclusionMrs. Bennet, Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy affect the novel in different ways. Mrs. Bennet symbolizes misconception of true marriage as she is obsessed with financial stability and social status. Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy represent true virtues in the novel as they teach others that marriage should be grounded on love, happiness, and attraction.Wor ks CitedAusten, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. UK, London Penquin Books, 2005.

Influence of Women in The Great Gatsby Essay

Though the Great Gatsby is a male dominated book, there argon a few wo hands who have great influences. Daisy Buchannan is the main female char propeler, having romantic relations with both Tom Buchanan and Jay Gatsby. Myrtle Wilson is a cleaning lady who is married to a hardworking man, but she remained unfaithful throughout the length of the novel. Lastly, Jordan Baker is probably the least menti nonpargonild woman but had an equally important role as the others. Fitzgerald utilise the development of the three women to further the plot and theme of the book and show the treatment and role of women in that society at that time.Daisy Buchannan is introduced in the first chapter at a gathering in her home. Nick describes her as a rich and confident wife. She even calls herself sophisticated (Gatsby 17). But she is treated as the lesser of her economize her face is sad and lovely (Gatsby 9) due to being constantly interrupted and her comments pushed aside. As the evening goes on, Dai sy begins to appear more unconfident than she thinks she is, naming places she had been to impress Nick. Even when asked nearly her daughter she describes that she hopes that she would grow up to be a beautiful little fool (Gatsby 17).Though she acts like this fact was the normal place for a female, her list is shown to want this to be different, showing that even in the lives of the rich and wealthy, women are still treated as lesser individuals. She, unlike the other characters, has monumental descriptions, sometimes spanning paragraphs. But instead of focusing on her physical appearance, Fitzgerald draws attention to things such as her voice, calling it a wild tonic in the rainfollowing the sound up and down before any(prenominal) words came through (Gatsby 85).When she goes to wash her face, Nick says with humiliation of his towels (Gatsby 89) Even in everyday conversations, Daisy is ignored, not because she is woman but because of her beauty. Fitzgerald puts these things in to show besides how deep the trap that women are in their beauty is mesmerizing but not enough for all of the mens attention.Myrtle Wilson is the other partner in Tom Buchannans affair. She is of a simpler lifestyle living on the edge of the wastelandcontiguous to suddenly nothing.(Gatsby 24). Nick describes her a thick woman in her middle thirties (Gatsby 25), the average woman in that time. Once she and Tom get off the train, she flat buys a dog, and then makes a point to buy a rather expensive dog as intumesce. When she arrives to her sisters house, where a party is pickings place, Nick says that she changed her costume (Gatsby 30). Because a costume is also the attire performers wear, Nick is giving us the impression that all of this is a play, a facade to act wealthy when in fact she is not.Nick also says with the influence of the dress her personality had also undergone a change. The intense vitality that had been so remarkable in the garage was converted into impressive h auteur (Gatsby 30), again another indicator of her performance of a wealthy woman. Soon, she and Tom discuss in impassioned voices whether she had any right to mention Daisys name (Gatsby 37). Tom punches her after this, but still left the party with her. Myrtle is now a woman with no self-respect, due to her allowing a man, though he may be rich, to physically assault her, instead of having a man who truly cares for her not being well off.Jordan Baker is not talked about much in the book until the third chapter. Nick talks about her incurable dishonesty (Gatsby 58), but then says treason in a woman is thing you never blame deeply (Gatsby 58), suggesting something has happened in her past causing her to be dishonest. She then shows her roots as one of the outgoing West Eggers, complaining that the party is much too polite for her taste. Fitzgerald uses Jordan to show that not all of the West Egg is elite. Some are just normal people wo happen to be on the wealthier side of things.B y bringing these women together, Fitzgerald shows all aspects of life, from the wealthy but mistreat, to the women who think money is everything, and the ladies who simply are themselves. Daisy, Myrtle, and Jordan all display drastically different personalities but share the same

An abundance of dog doodoo

These blank spaceowners want to remedy the problem, but believe we need to remedy the people and encourage the problem. Allowing your drag to baby-sit on someones lawn or on private property, could embody umpteen social benefits. As soon as someone sees a stranger In front man of their property, It Is natural to become somewhat alarmed but also curious. Therefore, It Is a huge opportunity to strike up a conversation and consume a bran-new friend. They may also revel letting their coddle poop in e really quarter of the approximation and you might gain a chamfer offering partner.Additionally, dog crap could be a great tool to use against an enemy. If you strongly dis wish someone who Is very irritating, hire your dog for a stroll near their house and let your pet do the dirty work. Chances ar they wont know its you and if they do, hand them this essay explaining the many benefits of dog poop. Besides, the world postulate people like us Proportions The Solution for amen able Dog Owners is a business primarily based In Chicago. They feed off of this pet b new(prenominal) be sire homeowners that are frustrated with the nitty-gritty of poop In their potassium provide pay for a Proteins kit.They collect a DNA sample of the crapper and bring it into the lab to be tested. Once they give away a DNA match, they lead notify you so that you can identify the perpetrator and administer a fine. Therefore, I think we are boosting the economy. Without us dog walkers, Portents would not fool a business and many people would be without their poop sampling job. In other respects, letting your dog poop indiscriminately can profit the homeowner as well. Manure is momentually a great fertilizer and worms especially enjoy it for feeding and growing. Worms help to Increase the amount of alarm and water that gets Into the soil.They break down organic matter, like leaves and grass into things that plants can SE. Worms are a great help to providing a nice, healthy g arden filled with flowers and plants (l wouldnt recommend vegetables if feces are present). Granting that in that respect Is an abundant supply of fat worms around the homeowners yard, they can make extra Income and sell them for freshwater fishing and also as fertilizer for flowers, trees and lawns. In fact, dog feces in the yard can be very good and a helpful FIFO watch where they walk and play and most certainly, they will learn not to put Just anything in their mouths.If by chance they do try and eat dog poop, it is okay, dont ret, because this could build their immune system, fighting bacteria such as E-Coli and Salmonella. Perhaps the mess in the yard does bother you, simply teach your kids some responsibility and make it a task that they have to do daily. Every time they see a neighborhood dog walking down the road, tell them to get the poop bag ready, theres most likely a surprise waiting for them on the front lawn. not to mention, these daily walks are great for your dog.M ost dog breeds were developed with a specific purpose in mind for example, sporting, working, herding and so forth. Consequently, whether your pet is a pure bred or mixed breed, chances re he carries genetic traits that drive him to pursue activity and adventure. Many modern day dogs dont get the opportunities to do what their breed instincts tell them to do. In addition, its a rare dog that exercises on his own, and many backyards dont provide the variety of sensory stimulation most dogs need to ward off boredom.Generally, people walk their dog for four sympathys elimination, mental stimulation, exercise and training. Dogs like to get outdoors, sniff and engage with their environment, exercise and possibly socialize with people and dogs outside his home. It is very strategic to allow your pup to stop, sniff, investigate, and mark a spot. Allowing your pet to do so is good for him mentally. Dogs gain knowledge of the world through their noses. Mentally stimulating walks will impro ve your dogs maturity, growth and satisfaction.At last, dog sit is in fact extremely favorable. Even though the majority of the population would consider this a crude act and not very neighborly, I believe this method of dog walking is beneficial for the home/business owner, the dog walker and certainly the dog itself. pinched Dog Walkers It is estimated, that there are 73 million dogs in the United-States. Each of those dogs needs to release their bowels like 20 times a day. And those twenty times, purify not be on my lawn. This is a major pet peeve of mine and many other people.I hate when inconsiderate dog walkers allow their pet to get rid of their body waste aimlessly (like in someones yard) and they do not patch it up. Most of my neighbors German Sheppard poops on my lawn, theyre foolish if they think I wont notice. Yes, you could fool that Im already make cleaning up my own dogs waste, however I need a dozen grocery bags to pick up re-appearing dog feces and it could d ash precious hours out of my day I loathe, truly loathe ignorant people who think this is acceptable. It can ruin your reputation within the neighborhood, it can cause problems for the homeowner and it can also put your pet in danger.Allowing your pet to generate excrement on someones lawn or on private property, could create many social problems for yourself. As soon as someone notices a stranger in front of their property, they will be curious but yet, still concerned. As a result, they will probably make a racy comment wondering why you arent picking it up. This may ruin your chances of making a new acquaintance. It will most likely gain you a new enemy. Speaking of, there is a great way to get revenge against your enemy. Proteins The Solution for Responsible Dog Owners is a business primarily based in Chicago.They feed off of this pet peeve because smart homeowners, like myself, that are frustrated with the amount of waste in their yard, will pay for a Proteins kit. They collect a DNA sample of the feces and bring it into the lab to be tested. Once they identify a DNA match, they will notify you so that you can identify the perpetrator and administer at least a hundred dollar fine. I think we are boosting he economy, without us reacting homeowners, Proteins would not have a business and many people would be Jobless. In other words, dog excrement all over the lawn is never a blessing for the homeowner.Manure is said to be used as fertilizer and worms enjoy it especially for feeding. However, common worms growing in soil are already disgusting and slimy to have around the yard, not to mention hookworms, tapeworms and toreadors which can be found in dog feces which humans are also capable of contracting. For example, in the Four Mile Run watershed in Northern Virginia, a dog population of 1,400 is estimated to chip in about 5,000 pounds of solid waste every day and has been identified as a major contributor of bacteria in their water.Your pet may be up to da te with its vaccinations, but neighborhood dogs can carry nasty diseases and worms that can accompany any dog pooh in question. The most significant reason to avoid allowing dogs to lick your face and mouth is because they could have recently come into contact with said contaminated excrement there is a chance the parasites will be passed directly into your mouth. Children are especially venerable o infection because they tend to enjoy playing in the dirt, where parasites such as hookworm larvae like to lay.Young children may also put dirty hands or toys in their mouth, further increasing the chance for the consumption of infectious material. Besides, the homeowners dog can be put in uncomfortable situations and also in danger. The strange dogs walking are often unleashed and could potentially be vicious and attack your pet. Lets say there is a female dog innocently minding her own business on her property and suddenly an unleashed male dog decides he wants to mate, she may not have been fixed and then she could end up carrying his puppies.That will end up causing her a lot of pain and you several problems, including more expenses, responsibility, labor. It is good for your dog to interact with others however, only when both canines are comfortable and happy with one appearance. You certainly dont need added stress to everyday life, especially when your pet can sentience your troubles because they live off of their owners vibes. It would put your pet into a possible doggy depression stage. Finally, there are billions of logical reasons why dog owners need to pick up their pets feces no matter where it lands.Clearly no one wants to track the mess into their home, work, stores if by surprise it was clumped under the sole of their shoe. If the unknown feces are not disposed of properly, it could potentially put your pet in danger the dog walker will gain new enemies and it could entail terrible conditions for the home/business owner. Everyone needs to take this into consideration next time they bring their pet for some exercise if it defecates, be a conscientious owner and pick it up This will greatly help everyone in the neighborhood including yourself and your pet. Why own a pet if you cant own up to their mess?

Methods for Measuring National Income

We squander so far been concerned with micro economic aspects of managerial economics. This chapter onwards, we volition deal with macroeconomic aspects of managerial economics. The major aspects of macroeconomics that be gener altogethery apply in business analysis, peculiarly in analyzing and understanding business environment of the country include (i) the level and trends in study income, (ii) work outs find content income, (iii) movers and forces leading to business cycles, (iv) the trend in general lend of price, especi aloney inflation, (v) inter study economic aspects, and (vi) g whole overnment policies, especi eachy fiscal and m angiotensin-converting enzymetary policies.In this chapter, we will discuss the meaning and manners of touchstone matter income and the regularitys of beat content income in India.10. 1 UNIT OBJECTIVESTo define discipline income and its importance To discuss diverse manners of meter interior(a) income To describe the manners utilise in India for measurement matter income To show the growth and trends in discipline income of India.10. 2 DEFINITION OF NATIONAL INCOME field of study income is the final examination outcome of all economic activities of a nation precious in hurt of nones. guinea pig income is the intimately important macroeconomic variable and determinant of the business level and environment of a country. The level of bailiwick income determines the level of gist demand for goods and service. Its distribution convening determines the pattern of demand for goods and service, i. e. , how much of which good is demanded. The trend in national income determines the trends in aggregate demand, i. e. , the demand for the goods and operate, and to a fault the business prospects. Therefore, business decision makers need to keep in musical theme these aspects of the national income, especially those having long-term implications. national income or a relevant component of it is an in dispensable variable considered in demand forecasting. Conceptually, national income is the money look upon of the end result of all economic activities of the nation. Economic activities generate a large tally of goods and services, and make winnings addition to the national stock of cr featurework. These together constitute the national income of a close economyan economy which has no economic transactions with the rest of the world. In an open economy, national income includes also the lucre results of its transactions with the rest of the world (i. e., exports slight imports).Economic activities should be distinguished from the non-economic activities from a national detail of view. Broadly speaking, economic activities include all human activities which create goods and services that can be honord at nutrimentstuff price. Economic activities include incr easingion by farmers (whether for household consumption or for market), employment by firms in the industrial se ctor, harvest-timeion of goods and services by the government enterprises, and services produced by business intermediaries ( integralsalers and retailers), banks and other financial organizations, universities, colleges andhospitals, etc.On the other hand, non-economic activities atomic number 18 those which produce goods and services that do not have any economic survey. Non-economic activities include spiritual, psychological, social and political services. The non-economic category of activities also includes hobbies, service to self, services of housewives, services of members of family to other members and exchange of mutual services surrounded by neighbours. We have defined national income from the angle of harvest-feast geological periods. The very(prenominal) can be defined in terms of money flows.While economic activities generate flow of goods and services, on the one hand, they generate money flows, on the other, in the form of factor paymentswages, interest, co nsume, advantages, and dough of self-employed. Thus, national income may also be obtained by adding the factor foolings and adjusting the sum for indirect valuatees and subsidies. The national income thereof obtained is known as national income at factor cost. It is related to money income flows. The concept of national income is linked to the smart set as a whole. It differs fundamentally from the concept of private income.Conceptually, national income refers to the money value of the accurate final goods and services resulting from all economic activities of the country. This is not true of private income. Also from the calculation point of view, there are certain receipts of money or of services and goods that are not usually include in private incomes but are included in the national incomes, and vice versa. National income includes, for example, employers contribution to the social warrantor and welfare funds for the benefit of employees, profits of public enterpris es, and services of proprietor occupied houses. barely it excludes the interest on war-loans, social security benefits and pensions. There items are, however, included in the private incomes. The national income is, therefore, not merely an aggregation of the private incomes. One can however obtain an presage of national income by summing up the private incomes after making needed valuation reserves for the items excluded from the national income.10. 3 MEASURES OF NATIONAL INCOME10. 3. 1 Gross National Product (GNP)Of the various mensurates of national income used in national income analysis, GNP is the most important and widely used measure of national income. It is the most comprehensive measure of the nations harvest-festivalive activities. The GNP is defined as the value of all final goods and services produced during a limited period, usually one year, plus incomes earned overseas by the nationals minus incomes earned locally by the inappropriateers. The GNP so defined is identical to the concept of gross national income (GNI). Thus, GNP = GNI. The difference between the both is only of procedural nature.While GNP is estimated on the basis of product-flows, the GNI is estimated on the basis of money income flows, (i. e. , wages, profits, rent, interest, etc. ).NOTES 10. 3. 2 Gross Domestic Product (gross domesticated product)The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is defined as the market value of all final goods and services produced in the domestic economy during a period of one year, plus income earned locally by the contraryers minus incomes earned abroad by the nationals. The concept of GDP is similar to that of GNP with a significant procedural difference.In case of GNP the incomes earned by the nationals in foreign countries are added and incomes earned locally by the foreigners are deducted from the market value of domestically produced goods and services. In case of GDP, the process is reverse incomes earned locally by foreigners are added a nd incomes earned abroad by the nationals are deducted from the heart and soul value of domestically produced goods and services.10. 3. 3 Net National Product (NNP)NNP is defined as GNP less wear and tear, i. e. , NNP = GNP Depreciation Depreciation is that part of total productive assets which is used to supercede the great worn out in the process of creating GNP. Briefly speaking, in the process of producing goods and services (including capital goods), a part of total stock of capital is used up. Depreciation is the term used to cite the worn out or used up capital. An estimated value of wear and tear is deducted from the GNP to arrive at NNP. The NNP, as defined above, gives the measure of net profit take available for consumption and investment by the society (including consumers, producers and the government). NNP is the real measure of the national income.NNP = NNI (net national income). In other words, NNP is the same as the national income at factor cost. It should be noted that NNP is measured at market prices including direct levyes. Indirect taxes are, however, not a point of actual cost of production. Therefore, to obtain real national income, indirect taxes are deducted from the NNP. Thus, NNPindirect taxes = National Income.10. 3. 4 National IncomeSome Accounting Relationships (a) Accounting Indentities at Market Price GNP ? GNI (Gross National Income) GDP ? GNP less Net Income from AbroadNNP ? GNP less Depreciation NDP (Net Domestic Product) ? NNP less net income from abroad (b) Some Accounting Indentities at Factor Cost GNP at factor cost ? GNP at market price less net indirect taxes Check Your procession 1. How is national income defined? 2. What are the measures of national income? 3. What is the difference between GNP and GDP? 4. What is meant by NNP? NNP at factor factor factor factor cost ? NNP at market price less net indirect taxescost ? NNP at market price less net income from abroad cost ? NDP at market price less net indire ct taxes cost ? GDP at market price less Depreciation NOTES10. 4 METHODS OF MEASURING NATIONAL INCOMEFor measuring national income, the economy with which stack participate in economic activities, earn their livelihood, produce goods and services and share the national products is viewed from terzetto distinguishable angles. (1) The national economy is considered as an aggregate of producing units combining different sectors such as agriculture, mining, manufacturing, trade and commerce, etc.(2) The whole national economy is viewed as a combination of individuals and households owning different kinds of factors of production which they use themselves or move factor-services to make their livelihood. (3) The national economy may also be viewed as a collection of consuming, scrimping and investing units (individuals, households and government). Following these notions of a national economy, national income may be measured by deuce-ace different corresponding methods (1) Net pr oduct methodwhen the entire national economy is considered as an aggregate of producing units(2) Factor-income methodwhen national economy is considered as combination of factor-owners and users (3) Expenditure methodwhen national economy is viewed as a collection of spending units. The procedures which are followed in measuring the national income in a close economyan economy which has no economic transactions with the rest of the worldare briefly draw here. The measuring of national income in an open economy and adjustment with regard to income from abroad will be discussed subsequently. 10. 4. 1 Net Output or Value-Added Method The net output method is also called the value added method.In its standard form, this method consists of three stages (i) estimating the gross value of domestic output in the various branches of production (ii) determining the cost of material and services used and also the depreciation of physical assets and (iii) deducting these costs and depreciati on from gross value to obtain the net value of domestic output. The net value of domestic product and then obtained is often called the value added or income product which is equal to the sum of wages, salaries, supplementary crowd incomes, interest, profits, and net rent nonrecreational or accrued. Let us now describe the stages (i) and (ii) in roughly detail.Measuring Gross Value. For measuring the gross value of domestic product, output is classified under various categories on the basis of the nature of activities from which they originate. The output classification varies from country to country depending on (i) the nature of domestic activities (ii) their importation in aggregate economic activities, and (iii) availability of requisite data. For example, in the US, about seventy-one divisions and subdivisions are used to classify the national output in Canada and the Netherlands, classification ranges from a dozen to a score and in Russia, only half a dozen divisions are used.According to the CSO publication, fifteen sub-categories are currently used in India. 300 Self-Instructional Material After the output is classified under the various categories, the value of gross output is computed in two alternative ways (i) by multiplying the output of each category of sector by their respective market price and adding them together, or (ii) by collective data about the gross gross sales and changes in inventories from the account of the manufacturing enterprises and computing the value of GDP on the basis thereof.If there are gaps in data, few estimates are made thereof and gaps are filled. Estimating Cost of Production. The next step in estimating the net national product is to estimate the cost of production including depreciation. Estimating cost of production is, however, a relatively more than complicated and difficult task because of nonavailability of adequate and requisite data. Much more difficult is the task of estimating depreciation since it involves both conceptual and statistical problems.For this reason, many countries adopt factor-income method for estimating their national income. However, countries adopting net-product method find some ways and means to calculate the deductible cost. The costs are estimated either in absolute terms (where input data are adequately available) or as an overall ratio of input to the total output. The general practice in estimating depreciation is to follow the usual business practice of depreciation accounting. Traditionally, depreciation is calculated at some percentage of capital, permissible under the tax-laws.In some estimates of national income, the estimators have deviated from the handed-down practice and have instead estimated depreciation as some ratio of the current output of final goods. Following a suitable method, deductible costs including depreciation are estimated for each sector. The cost estimates are then deducted from the sectoral gross output to obtain the ne t sectoral products. The net sectoral products are then added together. The total thus obtained is taken to be the measure of net national products or national income by net product method.10. 4. 2 Factor-Income MethodThis method is also known as income method and factor-share method. Under this method, the national income is calculated by adding up all the incomes accruing to the basic factors of production used in producing the national product. Factors of production are conventionally classified as land, travail, capital and organization. Accordingly, the national income equals the sum of the corresponding factor earning. Thus, National income = fill + Wages + Interest + ProfitHowever, in a modern economy, it is conceptually very difficult to make a distinction between earnings from land and capital, on the one hand, and between the earnings from ordinary boil and entrepreneurial functions, on the other. For the purpose of estimating national income, therefore, factors of pro duction are broadly grouped as ram and capital. Accordingly, national income is supposed to originate from two primary factors, viz. , labour and capital. In some activities, however, labour and capital are jointly supplied and it is difficult to separate the labour and capital contents from the total earnings of the supplier.Such incomes are termed as mixed incomes. Thus, the total factor-incomes are grouped under three categories (i) labour incomes (ii) capital incomes and (iii) mixed incomes. Labour Incomes. Labour incomes included in the national income have three components (a) wages and salaries paid to the residents of the country including bonus and commission, and social security payments (b) supplementary labour incomes including employers contribution to social security and employees welfare funds, and direct pension payments to retired employees2 (c) supplementary labour incomes in kind, e.g. , free health and education, food and clothing, and accommodation, etc.Compens ations in kind in the form of domestic servants and such other free-of-cost services provided to the employees are included in labour income. War bonuses, pensions, service grants are not included in labour income as they are regarded as transfer payments. Certain other categories of income, e. g. , incomes from incidental jobs, gratuities, tips etc. , are ignored for escape of data.Capital Incomes. capital earningsNOTESAccording to Studenski, capital incomes include the avocation (a) dividends excluding inter-corporate dividends (b) undistributed before-tax profits of corporations (c) interest on bonds, mortgages, and parsimoniousness deposits (excluding interests on war bonds, and on consumer-credit) (d) interest earned by insurance companies and credited to the insurance insurance reserves (e) net interest paid out by commercial banks (f) net rents from land, buildings, etc. , including imputed net rents on owneroccupied dwellings (g) royalties and (h) profits of government en terprises.The data for the first two items are obtained mostly from the firms accounts submitted for taxation purposes. only if the definition of profit for national accounting purposes differs from that employed by taxation authorities. Some adjustments in the income tax data become, therefore, necessary. The data adjustments broadly speaking pertain to (i) excessive allowance of depreciation made by the firms (ii) exclusion of capital gains and losses since these do not reflect the changes in current income and (iii) elimination of under or over-valuation of inventories on book-value.Mixed Income. Mixed incomes include earnings from (a) farming enterprises, (b) sole proprietorship (not included under profit or capital income) and (c) other professions, e. g. , legal and medical practices, consultancy services, trading and transporting etc. This category also includes the incomes of those who earn their living through various sources as wages, rent on own property, interest on own capital, etc. All the three kinds of incomes, viz. , labour incomes, capital incomes and mixed incomes added together give the measure of national income by factor-income method.10. 4. 3 Expenditure MethodThe expenditure method, also known as final product method, measures national income at the final expenditure stages. In estimating the total national expenditure, any of the two following methods are followed first, all the money expenditures at market price are computed and added up together, and second, the value of all the products finally disposed of are computed and added up, to arrive at the total national expenditure.The items of expenditure which are taken into account under the first method are (a) private consumption expenditure (b) direct tax payments (c) payments to the non-profitmaking institutions and charitable organizations like schools, hospitals, orphanages, etc. and (d) private savings. Under the second method, the following items are considered (a) private consumer goods and services (b) private investment goods (c) public goods and services and (d) net investment abroad. The second method is more extensively used because the data indispensable in this method can be collected with greater ease and accuracy.Treatment of Net Income from Abroad.We have so far discussed methods of measuring national income of a closed economy. But most economies are open in the sense that they carry out foreign trade in goods and services and financial transactions with the rest of the world. In the process, some nations get net income through foreign trade while some lose their income to foreigners. The net earnings or loss in foreign trade affects the national income. In measuring the national income, therefore, the netresult of external transactions are adjusted to the total.Net incomes from abroad are added to, and net losses to the foreigners are deducted from the total national income arrived at through any of the above three methods. Briefly, spe aking, all exports of merchandise and of services like shipping, insurance, banking, tourism, and gifts are added to the national income. And, all the imports of the corresponding items are deducted from the value of national output to arrive at the approximate measure of national income. To this is added the net income from foreign investment.These adjustments for international transactions are based on the international balance of payments of the nations.10. 5 CHOICE OF METHODSAs discussed above, there are three standard methods of measuring the national income, viz. , net product (or value added) method, factor-income or factor cost method and expenditure method. All the three methods would give the same measure of national income, provided requisite data for each method is adequately available. Therefore, any of the three methods may be adopted to measure the national income.But all the three methods are not suitable for all the economies simply for non-availability of necessary data and for all purposes. Hence, the question of choice of method arises. The two main amitys on the basis of which a particular method is chosen are (i) the purpose of national income analysis, and (ii) availability of necessary data. If the objective is to analyse the net output or value added, the net output method is more suitable. In case the objective is to analyse the factor-income distribution, the suitable method for measuring national income is the income method.If the objective at hand is to find out the expenditure pattern of the national income, the expenditure or final products method should be applied. However, availability of adequate and appropriate data is a relatively more important consideration is selecting a method of estimating national income. Nevertheless, the most public method is the net product method because (i) this method requires classification of the economic activities and output thereof which is much easier than to classify income or expenditur e and (ii) the most common practice is to collect and organize the national income data by the division of economic activities.Briefly speaking, the easy availability of data on economic activities is the main reason for the popularity of the output method. It should be however borne in mind that no single method can give an accurate measure of national income since the statistical dust of no country provides the total data requirements for a particular method. The usual practice is, therefore, to combine two or more methods to measure the national income. The combination of methods again depends on the nature of data required and sectoral break-up of the available data.10. 6 MEASUREMENT OF NATIONAL INCOME IN INDIACheck Your Progress In India, a systematic measurement of national income was first attempted in 1949. Earlier, many attempts were made by some individuals and institutions. The earliest estimate of Indias national income was made by Dadabhai Naoroji in 186768. Since then many attempts were made, mostly by the economists and the government authorities, to estimate Indias national income3. These estimates differ in coverage, concepts and methodology and are not comparable.Besides, earlier estimates were mostly for one year, only some estimates covered a period of 3 to 4 years. It was therefore not possible to construct a consistent series of national income and assess the performance of the economy over a period of time. 5. What are the methods of measuring national income? 6. What is value-added method? 7. What is factor-income method of measuring national income? 8. How is income from abroad adjusted in national income?In 1949, A National Income Committee (NIC) was appointed with P. C. Mahalanobis as its Chairman, and D. R. Gadgil and V. K. R. V. Rao as members. The NIC not only highlighted the limitations of the statistical system of that time but also suggested ways and means to alter data collection systems. On the recommendation of the Committ ee, the Directorate of National Sample Survey was set up to collect additional data required for estimating national income. Besides, the NIC estimated the countrys national income for the period from 194849 to 195052.In its estimates, the NIC also provided the methodology for estimating national income, which was followed till 1967. In 1967, the task of estimating national income was given to the Central statistical Organization (CSO). Till 1967, the CSO had followed the methodology laid down by the NIC. Thereafter, the CSO adopted a relatively meliorate methodology and procedure which had become possible due to increased availability of data. The improvements pertain mainly to the industrial classification of the activities. The CSO publishes its estimates in its publication, Estimates of National Income.Methodology used in India Currently, net output and factor income methods are used by the CSO to estimate the national income of the country. The output method is used for agricu lture and manufacturing sectors, i. e. , the commodity producing sectors. For these sectors, the value added method is adopted. Income method is used for the service sectors including trade, commerce, transport and government services. In its conventional series of national income statistics from 1950-51 to 1966-67, the CSO had categorize the income in 13 sectors.But, in the revised series, it had adopted the following 15 break-ups of the national economy for estimating the national income (i) Agriculture (ii) Forestry and logging (iii) Fishing (iv) Mining and quarrying (v) Large-scale manufacturing (vi) Small-scale manufacturing (vii) Construction (viii) Electricity, gas and piss supply (ix) Transport and communication (xii) Real estate and dwellings (xiii) Public Administration and Defence (xiv) Other services and (xv) External transactions. The national income is estimated at both constant and current prices. 10.7 SUMMARY National income is the market value of all final goods a nd services produced in a country over a period of time, generally one year. In general, there are three important measures of national income, viz. , (i) GNP, (ii) GDP, and (iii) NNP. In measuring GNP, income earned abroad by the nationals is added and income earned by foreigners in the country is subtracted from national income estimates on the contrary, a reverse process is used in estimating GDP. NNP is defined as GNPDepreciation. Depreciation equals the loss of national capital in the process of production.There are three methods of measuring national income (i) Value-added method, (ii) factor-income method, and (iii) expenditure method. The choice of method depends on the availability of data required for estimating national income. Often two or all the three methods are combined to estimate national income. In India, an organisation called CSO estimates the national income. It uses net output and factor income method for estimating national income. 304 Self-Instructional Mate rial10. 8 ANSWERS TO CHECK YOUR PROGRESS1.National income is defined as the market value of all final goods and services produced during a period of time, usually one year.2. In general, three measures of national income are used in economic and business anaylsis (i) GNP, (ii) GDP, and (iii) NNP.3. The difference between GNP and GDP lies in the interposition of income earned abroad by nationals and income earned by foreigner in the domestic economy. In measuring GNP, income abroad by nationals is added and income earned by foreigners in the country is deducted from the value estimated. In case of GDP, a reverse process is used.4. NNP means GNP less depreciation, i. e. , the value of national capital lost in the process national production.5. There are three methods of measuring national income (i) net product or value added method, (ii) factor income method, and (iii) expenditure method.6. Under value-added method, first gross value of national product is estimated. therefore cost s of material and services also depreciation are estimated. These costs are deducted from the gross value to arrive at national income.7. In general, factor income method follows the principle that national income = wages + rent + interest + profit. For estimating national income, however, factor incomes are classified as (i) labour income, (ii) capital income, and (iii) mixed income.8. The adjustment of income earned abroad depends on GNP and GDP estimation. In case of GNP, income earned abroad by the citizens of a country is added to the gross value. But in case of GDP, this is deducted from the gross value.10. 9 EXERCISES AND QUESTIONS1. What is the relevance of national income statistics in business decisions?What kinds of business decisions are influenced by the change in national income?2. Describe the various methods of measuring national income. How is a method chosen for measuring national income?3. Distinguish between net-product method and factor-income method. Which of t hese methods is followed in India?4. Does the method of measuring national income of a closed economy differ from one followed in an open economy? How is foreign income treated in national income estimates?5. What is value-added? Explain the value-added method of estimating national income.