State and Local Government Essay

What is Federalism?The United States has one of the roughly complicated forms of giving medication in the world. With many levels and subdivisions, this form of governing body is c anyed nationalism. Within the United States, federalism is marked by a continuous change in the system of connections between the national, state, and local anaesthetic governments. At times, the different levels of government move independently and at other times, the levels became so entangled that it becomes impossible to tell apart the responsibilities of one from the other. Federalism is just one of the three main systems of forefinger utilise by the United States.There be two ways, other than pure federalism, to organize power among national and regional governments. Pure federalism is in like manner known as a federal system. In a federal system, the commutation and regional governments argon divided in power and responsibilities, and the governments do not depend on each other for their power. Voters elect candidates into both the regional and central levels within a federal system allowing the United States to have a representative government, pith that people elect representatives to legislate on their behalf. another(prenominal) system of government is the unitary system. In a unitary system, power is concentrated in the central government.The central government then grants special powers to the regional governments. Voters elect people into the central government and then the central government assigns people to the regional governments. Frances government is an example of a unitary system. The third system of government is the confederal system or confederacy. In a confederacy, power is concentrated to a greater extent in the regional governments than the central government. Voters elect people into the independent regional governments and then these independent regional governments grant legal authority to the central government. An example of a confederal system would be the Confederate States of America.The federal system describes the system of power that the United States has. This means that the regional governments (states and localities) and the central (national) government atomic number 18 independent equals. Because of this, thefederal system allows for these regional governments to experiment with policy. These experimental acts by the regional governments give them the label of laboratories of democracy.However, for some years now, federalism has been linked with the concept of devolution. Devolution is the process of powers and responsibilities organism taken from the national government and given to the state governments, which clearly goes against the independent equals composition in federalism because states are gaining more power. This could be a result of the states abusing their power of experimenting with policy. Although states might abuse their power of experimenting, the actual practice of experimenting is co nsidered an advantage.Experimenting is one of the many advantages of federalism. Federalism allows for flexibility among state laws and institutions as well as reduces complications because the states are able to conform to citizens interests, which is shown by how much easier trade is now. Another advantage of federalism is that it enables the achievement of national goals, which is shown when the goal of creating an interstate highway system was achieved in the 1950s. Although federalism is practiced of advantages, it comes with a price.Unfortunately, federalism increases complexness and confusion, which could be a great inconvenience for people. Federalism can cause confusion between state and federal governments because of the vagueness of the exact division of powers among them. Federalism promotes the duplication of efforts and the reduction of accountability. It also makes it difficult to coordinate, which is shown when police or fire departments in different cities or stat es cant communicate with each other. This was clearly shown during the Three Mile Island shot that almost caused a huge catastrophe. Another drawback would be that federalism creates inequality in services and policies. Federalism is not a perfect ideal, still rather it plays host to a balance of both advantageous and disadvantageous outcomes.The Federal Emergency Management Agency, also known as FEMA, is a classic example of how federalism shapes policy. In assay to aid in the reprieve for hurricane Katrina, FEMA was unsuccessful in their efforts. They were notable to communicate with state and local governments and coordinate procedures in providing relief. However, during hurricane Sandy, FEMA provided great help and relief for people because they were able to efficiently communicate and coordinate proper procedures. This shows how coordination can go from bad to good because of the resiliency of FEMA in federalism.Federalism in the United States has a Constitutional base. Th e Constitution grants powers to the different levels of government. Enumerated powers are grants of authority that are explicitly given to the federal government, meaning that they are written in the Constitution. One of the most important pieces in the Constitution is the national supremacy clause, which states that federal law takes precedence over all other laws. This allows the process of the federal government prevailing areas regulated by state law, called preemption. Exclusive powers are also another set of powers stated in the Constitution. These are powers given solely to the federal government. The powers of creating and upholding an soldiers and navy, declaring war, and regulating commerce are all exclusive powers. Education is run by the states because running education is not stated as an exclusive power. Another set of powers stated in the Constitution are concurrent powers.Concurrent powers are powers that are shared by both the federal and state governments. The duty to tax, borrow, and spend are all powers that can be exercised by the federal and state governments. Implied powers are another set of powers given to the federal government by means of the Constitution. These powers are broad, but undefined, powers that were essentially created on the idea that not all powers could possibly be listed to meet the needs of the developing nation. These include the everyday wellbeing clause, the necessary and proper clause, and the interstate commerce clause. The general welfare clause gives relative the authority to provide for the general welfare.The necessary and proper clause gives Congress the right to pass any law that they think is necessary and proper to help in carrying out the responsibilities of the federal government as they are defined in the Constitution. The interstate commerce clause gives Congress the right to regulate interstate commerce. These clauses have been broadly interpreted which, in result, has been giving Congress m ore and more impliedpowers.While the Constitution has been shifting more power into the hands of Congress, there isnt much stated for the state governments. It does, however, state the full faith and credit clause. This clause requires that states recognize each others public records and acts, meaning that contract, wills, and marriages that are valid in one state are all valid in all other states. In essence, this clause is the financial backbone of state and local government. Another clause that was stated in the Constitution for state purposes is the privileges and immunities clause. Under this clause, states are prohibited from discriminating against the citizens of other states.The Bill of Rights was also something put into the Constitution to promote individual and state rights by limiting the power of the federal government. The Tenth Amendment addresses the power of the states. It guarantees a broad and undefined set of powers be reserved for only the states and people. The Fourteenth Amendment also deals with specifying the powers of states. This amendment makes it so that the states cannot deprive individuals of the rights and privileges of citizenship and it also requires states to provide due process and equal protection guarantees. The Constitutional basis for federalism in the United States is a big part of its government.Federalism is not a cut and dry system, however. There are many different types of federalism. One of these types is dual-federalism. It is the idea that federal and state governments have powers and responsibilities that are separate and different. Dual-federalism is the substance between nation-centered federalism and state-centered federalism nation-centered federalism being the belief that the nation is the basis of the federal system and that the national government should take superiority over the states, and state-centered federalism is the exact opposite. Advocates of states rights agree with the pressure theory and be lieve in a government for the states.Whoever advocates states rights believes that states should be able to make their own decisions without any interference from the federal government. The compact theory is the idea that the Constitution represents an agreement among the sovereign states to form a common government. Ittook the practice of nullification to an extreme back during the 1820s and 1830s. Eventually, national policies kept upsetting the southern states in the U.S. and that led to secession arguments. The concept that it is impossible for state and federal governments to have different and separate jurisdictions and that both those federal and state governments must work unneurotic is called cooperative federalism. Cooperative Federalism comes in different forms as well.The first form of cooperative federalism is story Cake Federalism. This form of federalism consists of delineated lines that separate federal, state, and local governments. Layer Cake Federalism is rarel y used. The second form of cooperative federalism is Marble Cake Federalism. In Marble Cake Federalism, federal, state, and local governments are so thoroughly complicated with each other that they are impossible to separate from each other.This form of federalism is more common in the United States. The third form of cooperative federalism is discoverer Fence Federalism or centralized federalism. Centralized federalism is the concept that the federal government should take the leading role in setting national policy, with state and local governments helping to implement the policies. Centralized federalism has shifted power from the states to federal government. The power shift can be seen through grants given to the state governments by the federal governmentThe federal government supplies many different forms of grants-in-aid. The first form is a categorical grant, which is money given for specific programs, leaving the state and local governments with detailed discretion on h ow to spend it. The second form of a grant-in-aid is a general revenue sharing grant. These grants come with few constraints and they leave the state or locality with almost complete discretion over how they want to spend the money. All grants given by the federal government come with constraints crosscutting requirements.Crossover sanctions are federal requirements that mandate the grant recipients to pass and implement certain laws or principles as a condition of receiving the fund. Sometimes the federal government issues action-requiring direct orders to the states and localities but dont provide any financial support for that action. Theseorders are called unfunded mandates. These grants have all helped in shifting power from the state governments to the federal governments, but there has been a new form of federalism that has been shifting power back to the state governments.This form of federalism is called new federalism. New federalism is the belief that states should receiv e more power and authority and less money from the federal government. Block grants were the type of grants that were preferred in new federalism. They are federal grants-in-aid that are given for general policy areas and leave states and localities with wide discretion on how to spend the money within the designated policy area. Unlike new federalism, ad hoc federalism is a form of government that could differ from time to time.Ad hoc federalism depends on the issue at hand. It is the process of choosing a state-centered or nation-centered view of federalism on the basis of political or tendencious convenience. In other words, ad hoc federalism can be swayed either towards the states or towards the federal government by whichever party has the dominant hand in Congress. The Bush-era was exposit as entering the United States into ad hoc federalism. This type of federalism is not definitive.To sum things up, federalism cannot be described in one single sentence. Federalism has its ins, outs, ups, downs, and can be all over the place. Federalisms many forms are what make this system of government unique and different from the others. It has taken the United States into some fortunate and some not-so-fortunate times. It is a complicated concept that will continue to change as the United States advances even further into the future.